< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-kъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Nominal suffix. From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

Suffix

*-kъ m

  1. Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)
    *porkъ (“sling”) ← *perti (“to propel, to strike”)
    *borkъ (“marriage”) ← *bьrati (“to pick, to collect”)
    *dorkъ (“scuffle; thornbush”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)
    *znakъ (“sign, symbol”) ← *znati (“to know”)
    *zorkъ (“phantasm”) ← *zьrěti (“to watch, to observe”)
    *mǫka (“grief, hardship, torture”) ← archaic *mьňati (“to belittle, to grind”) (compare the l-extension *mělь (“finely ground”))
  2. From expressive or onomatopoetic interjections or verbs, forms onomatopoetic action nouns referring to the respective interjection or verb
    Synonyms: *-skъ, *-pъ
    *zvǫkъ (“sound”) ← *zvьněti (“to ring”)
    *pukъ (“pop”) ← *puxati (“to blow, to puff”)
    *vykъ (“shout”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь! (“woe, wail”)
    *krikъ (“cry, squeak”) ← *kričati (“to squeak”) ← *kri-kri!
    *čikъ-čirikъ (“chirp-chirp”) ← *čikъ-čirikati (“to tweet”) ← *či-či!
  3. From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)
  4. From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representations of the referred concept
    Synonym: *-yka
    *kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”) ← *kluti (“to peck”) ← *kolti (“to wreck, to slaugher, to stab”)
    *ęzykъ (“tongue, language”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
  5. (Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)
  6. (Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)
  7. (Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neural mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended
    *ęčьmykъ (“barley”) ← *ęčьmy (“barley”)
    *kamykъ (“stone”) ← *kamy (“stone, rock”)
    *kremykъ (“flint”) ← *kremy (“flint”)
    *polmykъ (“flame”) ← *polmy (“flame”)
    *remykъ (“strap”) ← *remy (“strap, belt”)
  8. Extension of en-stem
    *koręcь (“snag, trunk”) ← *korękъ ← *korę-
    *měsęcь (“moon, month”) ← *měsękъ ← *měsę-
    *zajęcь (“rabbit”) ← *zajękъ ← *zaję-
Declension
Declension of *-kъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ci
genitive *-ka *-ku *-kъ
dative *-ku *-koma *-komъ
accusative *-kъ *-ka *-ky
instrumental *-kъmь, *-komь* *-koma *-ky
locative *-cě *-ku *-cěxъ
vocative *-če *-ka *-ci
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
See also
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ

Etymology 2

Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.

Suffix

*-kъ

  1. From basic prepositions
    *perkъ (“direct, across”) ← *per (“fore, across”)
    *opakъ (“reverse”) ← *po (“at, by, afterwards”)
    *pakъ (“again, then”) (only as an adverb) ← *pa- (“later”)
  2. (Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ
  3. (Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ
    *velikъ (“glorious”) ← *velьjь (“great”)
    *mьnikъ (“miniature”) ← *mьňьjь (“smaller”)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-kъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
genitive *-ka *-ky *-ka
dative *-ku *-kě *-ku
accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
instrumental *-komь *-kojǫ *-komь
locative *-kě *-kě *-kě
vocative *-ke *-ko *-ko
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ka *-kě *-kě
genitive *-ku *-ku *-ku
dative *-koma *-kama *-koma
accusative *-ka *-kě *-kě
instrumental *-koma *-kama *-koma
locative *-ku *-ku *-ku
vocative *-ka *-kě *-kě
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ki *-ky *-ka
genitive *-kъ *-kъ *-kъ
dative *-komъ *-kamъ *-komъ
accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
instrumental *-ky *-kami *-ky
locative *-kěxъ *-kaxъ *-kěxъ
vocative *-ki *-ky *-ka
Definite declension of *-kъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
genitive *-kajego *-kyję̇ *-kajego
dative *-kujemu *-kěji *-kujemu
accusative *-kъjь *-kǫjǫ *-koje
instrumental *-kyjimь *-kǫjǫ *-kyjimь
locative *-kějemь *-kěji *-kějemь
vocative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
genitive *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
dative *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
accusative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
instrumental *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
locative *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
vocative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-kiji *-kyję̇ *-kaja
genitive *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ
dative *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ
accusative *-kyję̇ *-kyję̇ *-kaja
instrumental *-kyjimi *-kyjimi *-kyjimi
locative *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ
vocative *-kiji *-kyję̇ *-kaja
See also

*-čь

Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-kъ

Etymology 3

Denotational suffix from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas, itself from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.

Suffix

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*-kъ

  1. From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs
    *takъ (“so that”) ← *tъ (“that one”)
    *jakъ (“such one”) ← *jь (“this one, previously mentioned”)
    *sicь (“such that”) ← *sь (“this one here”)
    *kakъ (“how”) ← *kъjь (“who”)
    *čakъ (“even so”) ← *čьjь (“which”)
    *vьśаkъ (“anyway”) ← *vьśь (“all”)
    *jьnаkъ (“otherwise”) ← *jьnъ (“other, different”)
    *tukъ (“here”) ← *tu (“here, demonstrative for location”)
    *dekъ (“where, so that”) ← *de (“locative particle”)
    *nekъ (“let/may it be so”) ← *ne (“negative particle”)
Declension
Declension of *-kъ (hard pronominal)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
Accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
Genitive *-kogo *-koję̇ *-kogo
Locative *-komь *-koji *-komь
Dative *-komu *-koji *-komu
Instrumental *-cěmь *-kojǫ *-cěmь
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ka *-cě *-cě
Accusative *-ka *-cě *-cě
Genitive *-koju *-koju *-koju
Locative *-koju *-koju *-koju
Dative *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
Instrumental *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ci *-ky *-ka
Accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
Genitive *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
Locative *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
Dative *-cěmъ *-cěmъ *-cěmъ
Instrumental *-cěmi *-cěmi *-cěmi

References
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1976), “*bьrakъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 3 (*bratrьcь – *cьrky), Moscow: Nauka, page 160
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*dьraka”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 216
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*elъkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 22
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmy”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 63
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęčьmykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 64
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*ęzykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 74
  • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “язык”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 467
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “язык”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kamykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 140
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kremykъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 123
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*měsęcь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 191
  • Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “месяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
  • Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “песок”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 26
  • Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “заяц”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
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