< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-akъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Deverbal derivations are easily secondary, motivated by parallel formations, e.g.

  • North Slavic *ědakъ (“greedy man”) ← *est < *ed-ti (“to eat”) : *ěda (“food”).

Comparison with cognates in other Indo-European languages indicates antiquity of deadjectival formations:

  • Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new, young”) → νέᾱξ (néāx), νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”) : Slavic *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
  • Lithuanian naũjas (“new”) → naujõkas (“novice”)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *-ākos (see Etymology 2).

Suffix

*-akъ m

  1. Deadjectival, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.
    *junъ (“young”) → *junakъ (“a young man”)
    *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
    *lěvъ (“left”) → *lěvakъ (“left-handed man”)
    *svojь (“one's own”) → *svojakъ (“relative, cousin”)
  2. Denominal, forming nouns denoting something connected in meaning to the base-word.
    *rodъ (“kin”) → *roďakъ (“relative, cousin”)
    *kory (“root”) → *koreňakъ (“native, one from the root”)
    *moře (“sea”) → *mořakъ (“sailor”)
    *ryba (“fish”) → *rybakъ (“fishing”)
  3. Denominal, forming masculine counterparts of feminine nouns.
    *gǫsь (“goose”) → *gǫsakъ (“gander”)
  4. Deverbal, from the root, forming agent nouns.
    *prositi (“to ask; beg”) → *prosjakъ >*prošakъ (“beggar; asker”)

Declension
Declension of *-akъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-akъ *-aka *-aci
genitive *-aka *-aku *-akъ
dative *-aku *-akoma *-akomъ
accusative *-akъ *-aka *-aky
instrumental *-akъmь, *-akomь* *-akoma *-aky
locative *-acě *-aku *-acěxъ
vocative *-ače *-aka *-aci
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Alternative forms
  • *-jakъ (causing iotation of the preceding consonant)

Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-akъ

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -акъ (-akŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -акъ (-akŭ)
      Glagolitic script: -ⰰⰽⱏ (-akŭ)
    • Bulgarian: -ак (-ak)
    • Macedonian: -ак (-ak)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -ак
      Latin script: -ak
    • Slovene: -ak
  • West Slavic:
  • Yiddish:

Further reading
  • Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎ (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
  • Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1974), “*-akъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volumes 1 (a – bьzděti), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 89
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