剛毅

See also: 刚毅

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	perseverance
trad. (剛毅)		剛	毅
simp. (刚毅)		刚	毅

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāngyì

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄤㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ ngai⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-gē / kang-gē

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāngyì
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gangyì
  - Wade–Giles: kang¹-i⁴
  - Yale: gāng-yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangyih
  - Palladius: ганъи (ganʺi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gong¹ ngai⁶
  - Yale: gōng ngaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ ngai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ ngei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ ŋɐi̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-gē
  - Tâi-lô: kong-gē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongge
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ ɡe⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-gē
  - Tâi-lô: kang-gē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kangge
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

Middle Chinese: kang ngj+jH

Rime
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古郎切	魚旣切
Baxter	kang	ngj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/ŋɨi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/ŋɨi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/ŋiəi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/ŋɨj^H/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/ŋiəi^H/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/ŋĭəi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/ŋe̯i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong¹	ji⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ [ŋ]ə[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ ŋɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›	‹ ngjɨj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaŋ/	/*[ŋ]ə[t]-s/
English	strong; hard	bold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	剛	毅
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3713	15115
Phonetic component	岡	豙
Rime group	陽	隊
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	岡
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*ŋɯds/

Adjective

剛毅

resolute; steadfast
- 呂后為人剛毅，佐高祖定天下，所誅大臣多呂后力。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吕后为人刚毅，佐高祖定天下，所诛大臣多吕后力。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Lǚhòu wéirén gāngyì, zuǒ Gāozǔ dìng tiānxià, suǒzhū dàchén duō Lǚhòu lì. [Pinyin]
  Empress Lü was a steadfast and resolute person. She helped Gaozu stabilize all under heaven. Many great ministers were executed because of Empress Lü's power.

Synonyms

倔強／倔强
儼硬／俨硬 (Hokkien)
剛強／刚强 (gāngqiáng)
剛愎／刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
剛烈／刚烈 (gāngliè)
堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
婞直 (xìngzhí)
悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
擰／拧 (nìng)
頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)

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