< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-vъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-was, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ ← *glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ ← *aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ ← *syrъ).

Suffix 1

*-vъ

  1. From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base
    *novъ (“new”)
    *terzvъ (“sober”)
    *pьrvъ (“first”)
    *sъdorvъ (“healthy”)
  2. Deverbal, forming attributive adjectives
    *lajati (“to lurk, to ambush”) → *lěvъ (“left”)
    *perti (“to propel, to beat”) → *pravъ (“straight, right”)
    *merti (“to deprive, to die”) → *mьrtvъ (“dead”)
    *krojiti (“to fashion, to cut”) → *krivъ (“curved”)
    *sijati (“to shine, to shimmer”) → *sivъ (“gray”)
    *stojati (“to stand”) → *stojěvъ (“who used to be situated, stood”)
  3. (Extension) Denominal or deadjectivcal, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective
    Appended to stems in *-ъ, yielding *-ovъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-a, yielding *-avъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-ь, yielding *-ivъ (see there for examples)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-vъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъ *-va *-vo
genitive *-va *-vy *-va
dative *-vu *-vě *-vu
accusative *-vъ *-vǫ *-vo
instrumental *-vomь *-vojǫ *-vomь
locative *-vě *-vě *-vě
vocative *-ve *-vo *-vo
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-va *-vě *-vě
genitive *-vu *-vu *-vu
dative *-voma *-vama *-voma
accusative *-va *-vě *-vě
instrumental *-voma *-vama *-voma
locative *-vu *-vu *-vu
vocative *-va *-vě *-vě
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vi *-vy *-va
genitive *-vъ *-vъ *-vъ
dative *-vomъ *-vamъ *-vomъ
accusative *-vy *-vy *-va
instrumental *-vy *-vami *-vy
locative *-věxъ *-vaxъ *-věxъ
vocative *-vi *-vy *-va
Definite declension of *-vъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъjь *-vaja *-voje
genitive *-vajego *-vyję̇ *-vajego
dative *-vujemu *-věji *-vujemu
accusative *-vъjь *-vǫjǫ *-voje
instrumental *-vyjimь *-vǫjǫ *-vyjimь
locative *-vějemь *-věji *-vějemь
vocative *-vъjь *-vaja *-voje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
genitive *-vuju *-vuju *-vuju
dative *-vyjima *-vyjima *-vyjima
accusative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
instrumental *-vyjima *-vyjima *-vyjima
locative *-vuju *-vuju *-vuju
vocative *-vaja *-věji *-věji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-viji *-vyję̇ *-vaja
genitive *-vъjixъ *-vъjixъ *-vъjixъ
dative *-vyjimъ *-vyjimъ *-vyjimъ
accusative *-vyję̇ *-vyję̇ *-vaja
instrumental *-vyjimi *-vyjimi *-vyjimi
locative *-vyjixъ *-vyjixъ *-vyjixъ
vocative *-viji *-vyję̇ *-vaja

Suffix 2

*-vъ m

  1. Deverbal, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs
    *grěti (“to heat, to shine”) → *grěvъ (“warming, shining”)
    *pěti (“to sing”) → *pěvъ (“couplet, refrain (of a song)”)
    *zijati (“to gape”) → *zěvъ (“gullet, pharynx”)
    *po (“on”) + *kryti (“to hide, to cover”) → *pokryvъ (“roof, ceiling”)
    *ryti (“to dig”) → *ryvъ (“burst”)
  2. Deverbal, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs
    *glijati (“to mix clay and water”) → *glěvъ (“slime”)
    *gňiti (“to gnaw”) → *gněvъ (“anger”)
    possibly *merti (“to die”) → *morvъ (“ant”) (former i-stem)
    *verti (“to turn, to curve”) → *vьrvь (“rope”) (i-stem)
    *dьržati (“to hold”) → *dьržava (“state”) (ā-stem)
    *piti (“to drink”) → *pivo (“beverage”)
  3. From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)
  4. From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)
Declension
Declension of *-vъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-vъ *-va *-vi
genitive *-va *-vu *-vъ
dative *-vu *-voma *-vomъ
accusative *-vъ *-va *-vy
instrumental *-vъmь, *-vomь* *-voma *-vy
locative *-vě *-vu *-věxъ
vocative *-ve *-va *-vi
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-vъ
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
      • Belarusian: -в (-v)
      • Russian: -в (-v), -вый (-vyj)
      • Ukrainian: -в (-v), -вий (-vyj)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: -въ (-vŭ)
      Glagolitic: -ⰲⱏ (-vŭ)
    • Bulgarian: -в (-v)
    • Macedonian: -в (-v)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -в
      Latin script: -v
    • Slovene: -v
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: -ví
    • Polish: -wy
    • Slovak: -v

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Lithuanian -us (Etymology 4).

Suffix

*-vъ

  1. Deverbal, forming past active participles
    *byti (“to be”) → *byvъ (“having been”)

Declension
Indefinite declension of *-vъ
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъ *-vъši *-vъ
genitive *-vъša *-vъšę̇ *-vъša
dative *-vъšu *-vъši *-vъšu
accusative *-vъšь *-vъšǫ *-vъ
instrumental *-vъšemь *-vъšejǫ *-vъšemь
locative *-vъši *-vъši *-vъši
vocative *-vъšu *-vъše *-vъše
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъša *-vъši *-vъši
genitive *-vъšu *-vъšu *-vъšu
dative *-vъšema *-vъšama *-vъšema
accusative *-vъša *-vъši *-vъši
instrumental *-vъšema *-vъšama *-vъšema
locative *-vъšu *-vъšu *-vъšu
vocative *-vъša *-vъši *-vъši
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъše *-vъšę̇ *-vъša
genitive *-vъšь *-vъšь *-vъšь
dative *-vъšemъ *-vъšamъ *-vъšemъ
accusative *-vъšę̇ *-vъšę̇ *-vъša
instrumental *-vъši *-vъšami *-vъši
locative *-vъšixъ *-vъšaxъ *-vъšixъ
vocative *-vъši *-vъšę̇ *-vъša
Definite declension of *-vъ
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъšьjь *-vъšija *-vъšeje
genitive *-vъšajego *-vъšę̇ję̇ *-vъšajego
dative *-vъšujemu *-vъšiji *-vъšujemu
accusative *-vъšьjь *-vъšǫjǫ *-vъšeje
instrumental *-vъšijimь *-vъšǫjǫ *-vъšijimь
locative *-vъšijemь *-vъšiji *-vъšijemь
vocative *-vъšьjь *-vъšaja *-vъšeje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъšaja *-vъšiji *-vъšiji
genitive *-vъšuju *-vъšuju *-vъšuju
dative *-vъšijima *-vъšijima *-vъšijima
accusative *-vъšaja *-vъšiji *-vъšiji
instrumental *-vъšijima *-vъšijima *-vъšijima
locative *-vъšuju *-vъšuju *-vъšuju
vocative *-vъšaja *-vъšiji *-vъšiji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-vъšeji *-vъšę̇ję̇ *-vъšaja
genitive *-vъšьjixъ *-vъšьjixъ *-vъšьjixъ
dative *-vъšijimъ *-vъšijimъ *-vъšijimъ
accusative *-vъšę̇ję̇ *-vъšę̇ję̇ *-vъšaja
instrumental *-vъšijimi *-vъšijimi *-vъšijimi
locative *-vъšijixъ *-vъšijixъ *-vъšijixъ
vocative *-vъšiji *-vъšę̇ję̇ *-vъšaja
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
      • Belarusian: -ўшы (-ŭšy)
      • Russian: -в (-v), -вши (-vši), -вший (-všij)
      • Ukrainian: -вши (-všy), -вший (-všyj)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: -въ (-vŭ)
    • Bulgarian: -вш (-vš)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -вши
      Latin script: -vši
    • Slovene: -vši
  • West Slavic:

Further reading
  • Duridunov et al. (1991): "Наставки на -v-" in Граматика на Старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 178
  • J. Halla-aho (2006): "u-stem adjectives" in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 89
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