< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-atъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”).

Reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-atos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas in loanwords such as demotic Late Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “coach”) from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”) or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek records.

Suffix 1

*-а̀tъ m

  1. Forms agent or instrument nouns from reanalyzed adjectives
    *sǫpostatъ (“adversary, opponent”) ← *sъpostati (“to juxtapose, to оppose”)
    *kosatъ (“pigtail, dorsal fin (of fish, sharks or cetacea)”) ← *kosa (“hair”)
    *lopata f (“shovel, spade”) ← *lopъ (“sheet, leaf”)

Alternative forms
  • *-ata f, *-ato n
  • *-yto n (when appended to u-stems)

Declension
Declension of *-atъ (hard o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-atъ *-ata *-ati
genitive *-ata *-atu *-atъ
dative *-atu *-atoma *-atomъ
accusative *-atъ *-ata *-aty
instrumental *-atъmь, *-atomь* *-atoma *-aty
locative *-atě *-atu *-atěxъ
vocative *-ate *-ata *-ati
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Suffix 2

*-àtъ

  1. From agents, creates adjectives denoting a property or characteristic, usually with hyperbolic connotation
    *bȏgъ (“wealth, share; god”) → *bogàtъ (“wealthy”)
    *mǫžь (“man”) → *(vъz)mǫžàtъ (“masculine, manly”)
  2. From objects, creates adjectives denoting a characteristic or shape
    *kostь (“bone”) → *kostàtъ (“having prominent bones, bony”)
    *dȇrvo (“wood; tree”) → *dervàtъ (“abounding in trees, woody”)
    *ȃje (“egg”) → *ajàtъ (“ovate, egg-shaped”)
    *krьstъ (“crucifix”) → *krьstàtъ (“cross, transverse”)
  3. From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part
    *bordà (“beard”) → *bordàtъ (“bearded”)
    *čelò (“forehead”) → *čelàtъ (“having large/prominent forehead”)
    *usta (“mouth”) → *ustàtъ (“having big mouth; figr. chatty, garrulous”)
    *uxo (“ear”) → *ušàtъ (“having prominent ears”)
  4. From adjectives extended with *-ovъ, creates approximative doublets of the original adjective (somewhat like -ish in English). Equivalent to *-ovàtъ
    From o-stem adjectives:
    *glupъ (“dumb, stupid”) → *glupovàtъ (“simple-minded”)
    *ostrъ (“acute, sharp”) → *ostrovàtъ (“pointy, relatively sharp”)
    From former i-stem adjectives:
    *grozьnъ (“ugly, terrible”) → *grozьnovàtъ (“unpleasant, bad-tempered”)
    *pьlnъ (“full”) → *pьlnovàtъ (“tending towards fullness, relatively full”)
    From former u-stem adjectives:
    *lьgъkъ (“light, not heavy”) → *lьgъkovàtъ (“lightweight, relatively light”)
    *mękъkъ (“soft”) → *mękъkovàtъ (“softish, relatively soft”)

Declension
Indefinite declension of *-atъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-atъ *-ata *-ato
genitive *-ata *-aty *-ata
dative *-atu *-atě *-atu
accusative *-atъ *-atǫ *-ato
instrumental *-atomь *-atojǫ *-atomь
locative *-atě *-atě *-atě
vocative *-ate *-ato *-ato
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ata *-atě *-atě
genitive *-atu *-atu *-atu
dative *-atoma *-atama *-atoma
accusative *-ata *-atě *-atě
instrumental *-atoma *-atama *-atoma
locative *-atu *-atu *-atu
vocative *-ata *-atě *-atě
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ati *-aty *-ata
genitive *-atъ *-atъ *-atъ
dative *-atomъ *-atamъ *-atomъ
accusative *-aty *-aty *-ata
instrumental *-aty *-atami *-aty
locative *-atěxъ *-ataxъ *-atěxъ
vocative *-ati *-aty *-ata
Definite declension of *-atъ (hard)
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-atъjь *-ataja *-atoje
genitive *-atajego *-atyję̇ *-atajego
dative *-atujemu *-atěji *-atujemu
accusative *-atъjь *-atǫjǫ *-atoje
instrumental *-atyjimь *-atǫjǫ *-atyjimь
locative *-atějemь *-atěji *-atějemь
vocative *-atъjь *-ataja *-atoje
dual masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-ataja *-atěji *-atěji
genitive *-atuju *-atuju *-atuju
dative *-atyjima *-atyjima *-atyjima
accusative *-ataja *-atěji *-atěji
instrumental *-atyjima *-atyjima *-atyjima
locative *-atuju *-atuju *-atuju
vocative *-ataja *-atěji *-atěji
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative *-atiji *-atyję̇ *-ataja
genitive *-atъjixъ *-atъjixъ *-atъjixъ
dative *-atyjimъ *-atyjimъ *-atyjimъ
accusative *-atyję̇ *-atyję̇ *-ataja
instrumental *-atyjimi *-atyjimi *-atyjimi
locative *-atyjixъ *-atyjixъ *-atyjixъ
vocative *-atiji *-atyję̇ *-ataja

See also

Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-atъ
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ata

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -атꙑи (-atyi)
      • Belarusian: -а́ты (-áty)
      • Russian: -а́тый (-átyj)
      • Ukrainian: -а́тий (-átyj)
  • South Slavic:
    • Bulgarian: -а́т (-át)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -ат
      Latin script: -at
    • Slovene: -àt
  • West Slavic:

Further reading
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1974), “*ajatъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 1 (*a – *besědьlivъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 61
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1990), “*lopata”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 16 (*lokadlo – *lъživьcь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 39
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