< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъka
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ, from extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant). Cognate with Sanskrit -क (-ka).
Suffix
*-ъka f
- Denominal, forms diminutives.
- Synonym: *-ica, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)
- *mati (“mother”) + *-ъka → *matьka (“mommy”)
- *teta (“aunt”) + *-ъka → *tetъka (“auntie”)
- *gora (“mountain”) + *-ъka → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)
- *pǫpъ (“belly button”) + *-ъka → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)
- *kotъ (“cat”) + *-ъka → *kotъka (“young cat”)
- *bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) + *-ъka → *bylьka (“herb”)
- *lъga (“oval tool”) + *-ъka → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)
- *vidla (“pitchfork”) + *-ъka → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)
- *pala (“stake, pole”) + *-ъka → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)
- Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.
- *bělъ (“white”) + *-ъka → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)
- *čьrnъ (“black”) + *-ъka → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)
- *bolь (“painful”) + *-ъka → *bolъka (“acute pain”)
- *polъ (“half”) + *-ъka → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)
- *-měrъ (“considerable, great”) + *-ъka → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)
- Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.
- *prositi (“to ask, to beg”) + *-ъka → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)
- *dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) + *-ъka → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)
- *krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) + *-ъka → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)
- *brojiti (“to count”) + *-ъka → *brojьka (“account, number”)
- *bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) + *-ъka → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)
- *pьrati (“to propel”) + *-ъka → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)
- *svirati (“to play a music instrument”) + *-ъka → *svirъka (“flute”)
- From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.
Alternative forms
- *-jьka (when attached to roots ending in *-j- or some i-stems)
Declension
Declension of *-ъka (hard a-stem)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъky |
| genitive | *-ъky | *-ъku | *-ъkъ |
| dative | *-ъcě | *-ъkama | *-ъkamъ |
| accusative | *-ъkǫ | *-ъcě | *-ъky |
| instrumental | *-ъkojǫ, *-ъkǫ** | *-ъkama | *-ъkami |
| locative | *-ъcě | *-ъku | *-ъkasъ, *-ъkaxъ* |
| vocative | *-ъko | *-ъcě | *-ъky |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ъka
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
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