Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xoldъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Unclear.

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (reconstructed by Illich-Svitych as *(s)gel- in order to accommodate the Slavic data), in which case it is cognate with Latin gelidus (“cool, icy”), English cold, Sanskrit जड (jaḍa), but initial *x- is hard to explain.
Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelH-, in which case it is cognate with Lithuanian šáltas (“cold”), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (sar^əta), Persian (sard), Ossetian салд (sald), but initial *x- is likewise hard to explain.

Noun

*xȏldъ m[1][2][3]

cold, coolness

Inflection

Declension of *xȏldъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldi
genitive	*xȏlda	*xoldù	*xõldъ
dative	*xȏldu	*xoldomà	*xoldòmъ
accusative	*xȏldъ	*xȏlda	*xȏldy
instrumental	xȏldъmь, xȏldomь^*	*xoldomà	*xoldý
locative	*xȏldě	*xoldù	*xoldě̃xъ
vocative	*xolde	*xȏlda	*xȏldi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*xolditi, *xolďati (“to cool”)
*xolděti, *xoldьněti (“to be cold, to chill”)
*xoldьnъ (“cold, chilly”)
*xoldъkъ (“cool”)
*xoldina, *xoldota/*xoldoťa (“chilliness”)
*xoldьcь (“coolness”)

Related terms

*koldędzь, *koldenьcь, *koldьcь (“well”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: хо́лад (xólad)
- Russian: хо́лод (xólod)
- Ukrainian: хо́лод (xólod)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: хладъ (xladŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱈⰾⰰⰴⱏ (xladŭ)
- Bulgarian: хлад (hlad)
- Macedonian: лад (lad)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: хла̑д
  
  Latin script: hlȃd
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): hlᵒȃd (“shade”), gen. hlᵒȃda
  - Chakavian (Novi): hlȃd (“shade”)
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): hlȃt (“shade”), gen. hlȃda
- Slovene: hlȃd (“coolness”) (tonal orthography); dialectal hlad (“shadow”)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: chlad
  - Czech: chlad
- Kashubian: chłód
- Polabian: xlåd
- Polish: chłód
- Slovak: chlad
- Slovincian: chlôd
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: chłód, gen. chłoda
  - Lower Sorbian: chłodk (“coolness, shade”)

References

Derksen, Rick (2008) “*xȏldъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 203: “m. o (c) ‘coolness, cold’”
Snoj, Marko (2016) “hlad”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *xȏldъ”
Olander, Thomas (2001) “xoldъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c kulde (PR 137; RPT 105)”

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[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*xȏldъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 203: “m. o (c) ‘coolness, cold’”

[2] Snoj, Marko (2016) “hlad”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *xȏldъ”

[3] Olander, Thomas (2001) “xoldъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c kulde (PR 137; RPT 105)”