< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rakъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Disputed. According to one hypothesis, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rṓˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *wre-h₃kʷo-s (“looking backwards”), composed of the elements *wre- (“back”) (compare Latin re-) and *-h₃kʷ- (“looking, appearing”). Cognate with Old Prussian rokis (“crayfish”) and dialectal Lithuanian rõkis, rókis, but according to Derksen these are borrowings from Slavic. Compare instead Lithuanian érkė and Latvian ẽrce, both meaning “tick”.[1] Alternatively, of substrate origin.[2]

Noun

*ràkъ m

  1. crayfish

Declension
Declension of *ràkъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)
singular dual plural
nominative *ràkъ *ràka *ràci
genitive *ràka *ràku *ràkъ
dative *ràku *ràkoma *ràkomъ
accusative *ràkъ *ràka *ràky
instrumental *ràkъmь, *ràkomь* *ràkoma *ràkȳ
locative *ràcě *ràku *ràcě̄xъ
vocative *ràče *ràka *ràci
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: ракъ (rakŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: ракъ (rakŭ)
      Glagolitic script: ⱃⰰⰽⱏ (rakŭ)
    • Bulgarian: рак (rak)
    • Macedonian: рак (rak)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: ра̏к
      Latin script: rȁk
    • Slovene: rak
      • (Črni vrh, Idrija): rḁ̏k
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: rak
      • Czech: rak
        • Bohemian (Chod dialect): rák
    • Kashubian: rek
    • Polish: rak
    • Slovak: rak
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: rak
      • Lower Sorbian: rak
  • Non-Slavic:
    • Baltic:
      • →? Old Prussian: rokis
      • →? Lithuanian: rõkis, rókis
    • → Hungarian: rák
    • North Germanic:
      • → Icelandic: rækja f
      • → Faroese: rækja f
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: rækja f, ræka f
      • → Norwegian: (dialectal) ræk, reik, reikje f, ræg n
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: reke m or f
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: reke f
      • → Swedish: räka, räkior pl (1685)
      • → Old Danish: rækæ
    • → Romanian: rac

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*òrkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 374
  2. Mažiulis, Vytautas (1997) “rokis”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎ (in Lithuanian), volume 4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, page 31

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “рак”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)‎, volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., pages 525, 530
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