< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъrma

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to form, to shape”), akin to Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, effect, result”), or from *(s)ker- (“to cut”), *(s)kerH- (“to break, to section”).

Noun

*kъrmà f[1][2]

  1. stern (controlling section of a boat)
    Coordinate terms: *veslo (“oar”), *oje (“thill”), *osь (“axle”)
Declension
Declension of *kъrmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
singular dual plural
nominative *kъrmà *kъ̑rmě *kъ̑rmy
genitive *kъrmý *kъrmù *kъ̃rmъ
dative *kъrmě̀ *kъrmàma *kъrmàmъ
accusative *kъ̑rmǫ *kъ̑rmě *kъ̑rmy
instrumental *kъrmojǫ́ *kъrmàma *kъrmàmi
locative *kъ̑rmě *kъrmù *kъrmàsъ, *kъrmàxъ*
vocative *kъrmo *kъ̑rmě *kъ̑rmy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Derived terms
  • *kъrmidlo (“rudder”)
  • *kъrmačь, *kъrmьči, *kъrmьnikъ (agent nouns)
  • *kъrmovъ, *kъrmьnъ
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old Ruthenian: корма́ (kormá)
    • Russian: корма́ (kormá), dial. корна́ (korná)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: кръма (krŭma)
    • Bulgarian: кърма́ (kǎrmá) (standard); кръ́ма (krǎ́ma) (dialectal)
    • Macedonian: крма (krma)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: кр̏ма
      Latin script: kȑma
    • Slovene: kŕma (tonal orthography)

Further reading
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъrma I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 220
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “корма́”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кърма²¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 211

References
  1. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kъrma kъrmy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b/c agterstavn (PR 135)”
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016) “krma²”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *kъrma̋”

Etymology 2

Resultant noun of *kъrmiti (“to nourish”) +‎ *-a, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₃- (“to satiate”) (cf. Lithuanian pãšaras (“fodder”)) or *(s)kerH- (“to chop, to mince”) (cf. Latin carō (“flesh, meat”)). Possibly cognate with Old Irish cuirm (“beer”), Latin crāmum (“cream”).

Noun

*kъrmà f[1][2]

  1. nourishment, fodder
    → breast milk
Declension
Declension of *kъrma (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *kъrma *kъrmě *kъrmy
genitive *kъrmy *kъrmu *kъrmъ
dative *kъrmě *kъrmama *kъrmamъ
accusative *kъrmǫ *kъrmě *kъrmy
instrumental *kъrmojǫ, *kъrmǫ** *kъrmama *kъrmami
locative *kъrmě *kъrmu *kъrmasъ, *kъrmaxъ*
vocative *kъrmo *kъrmě *kъrmy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
  • *kъrmačę (epithet for a baby)
  • *kъrmъ, *kъrmľa (“food, forage”)
  • *kъrmivo (“provisions”)
  • *kъrmьnъ (“nourishing”)
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: кръма (krŭma)
    • Bulgarian: кърма́ (kǎrmá)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: кр́ма
      Latin script: kŕma
    • Slovene: kŕma (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:

Further reading
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъrma II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 222
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “корм”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кърма¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 211
  • “šerti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kъrma II; *kъrmъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 262
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016) “krma¹”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *kъrma̋”
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