< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kľuti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

An archaic proto-form of *kolti (“to stab”) +‎ *-uti, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljautei, from Proto-Indo-European *klewh₂-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, to stab”). Survives only in Bulgarian and Macedonian. Other languages reflect the doublet *kľьvati, with an identical meaning. Cognate with Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to cleave”) and Latvian kļūt (“to become”).

The surviving descendants exhibit depalatalized root vowel, however, the original was most likely with a soft root vowel, i.e. *kľuti.

Verb

*kľuti impf (perfective *kľunǫti)[1]

  1. to peck, to prickle
  2. to bite

Alternative forms

Inflection

Depalatalized variant, reflected in Bulgarian and Macedonian:

Conjugation of *kluti, *klьva, *klьvetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*klьvanьje *kluti *klutъ *klьvalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *klьvanъ *klьvomъ
Active *klьvavъ *klьvy
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *klьvaxъ*klьva*klьva *klьvǫ*klьveši*klьvetь
Dual *klьvaxově*klьvasta*klьvaste *klьvevě*klьveta*klьvete
Plural *klьvaxomъ*klьvaste*klьvašę *klьvemъ*klьvete*klьvǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *klьvaaxъ*klьvaaše*klьvaaše —*klьvi*klьvi
Dual *klьvaaxově*klьvaašeta*klьvaašete *klьvěvě*klьvěta—
Plural *klьvaaxomъ*klьvaašete*klьvaaxǫ *klьvěmъ*klьvěte—

Later reanalyzed inflection:

Conjugation of *kľьvati, *kľьva, *kľujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kľьvanьje *kľьvati *kľьvatъ *kľьvalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kľьvanъ *kľujemъ
Active *kľьvavъ *kľuję
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kľьvaxъ*kľьva*kľьva *kľujǫ*kľuješi*kľujetь
Dual *kľьvaxově*kľьvasta*kľьvaste *kľujevě*kľujeta*kľujete
Plural *kľьvaxomъ*kľьvaste*kľьvašę *kľujemъ*kľujete*kľujǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *kľьvaaxъ*kľьvaaše*kľьvaaše —*kľuji*kľuji
Dual *kľьvaaxově*kľьvaašeta*kľьvaašete *kľujivě*kľujita—
Plural *kľьvaaxomъ*kľьvaašete*kľьvaaxǫ *kľujimъ*kľujite—

Derived terms
  • *kleveta (“slander, calumny”)
  • *klьvačь (“woodpecker”)
  • *klьvьcь (“pecker, chisel”)
  • *kľuvъ (“beak”) (in East Slavic)
  • *kľunъ (“beak”) (in South Slavic)
  • *kľusa (“trap”)
  • *kľučь (“key”)
  • *kľuka (“hook”)
  • *klupa (“bench”)
  • *kľuta (“lump, clod”)

Descendants

From *kluti:

  • South Slavic:
    • Bulgarian: кълва́ (kǎlvá)
    • Macedonian: колва (kolva)

From *kľьvati:

  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: кльвати (klĭvati)
    • Slovene: kljeváti (archaic)
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: klvati (“to peck”)
      • Czech: klvati (obsolete), klíti (obsolete), klovat (“to peck”), klobat (uncommon), klubat se (“to hatch”)[4][5]
    • Polish: klwać (dialectal)

From *kľuvati:

  • East Slavic:
    • Belarusian: клюва́ць (kljuvácʹ)
    • Ukrainian: клюва́ти (kljuváty)
  • South Slavic:
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: кљу̏вати
      Latin script: kljȕvati
    • Slovene: kljuváti (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
    • Polish: kłuć (only the infinitive reflects *kluti, inflects as *kľuvati); Polish: kluć
    • Slovak: kľuvať
    • Sorbian:
      Upper Sorbian: kluwać
      Lower Sorbian: kluwaś

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “клевать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*klьvati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 10 (*klepačь – *konь), Moscow: Nauka, page 82
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “кълва”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 189

References
  1. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kljuti: kljьvǫ kljьvetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “?c (SA 207)”
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016) “kljuváti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kl'ьva̋ti, sed. *kl'ȗjǫ”
  3. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kljьvati: kljujǫ kljujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 207, 236; PR 139)”
  4. Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “klvati”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
  5. klovat in Internetová jazyková příručka
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