< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-tva

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem).[1] Or from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂;[2] compare Gothic -𐌸𐍅𐌰 (-þwa), -𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 (-þwōs) and Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), -त्वा (-tvā).

Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?).

Suffix

*-tva f

  1. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.
    Synonyms: *-ьje, *-ьba, *-ъ
    *pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)
    *klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)
    *orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)
    *modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)
    *sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)
    *žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)
  2. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.
    Synonym: *-dlo
    *briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Declension
Declension of *-tva (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *-tva *-tvě *-tvy
genitive *-tvy *-tvu *-tvъ
dative *-tvě *-tvama *-tvamъ
accusative *-tvǫ *-tvě *-tvy
instrumental *-tvojǫ, *-tvǫ** *-tvama *-tvami
locative *-tvě *-tvu *-tvasъ, *-tvaxъ*
vocative *-tvo *-tvě *-tvy
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

See also

Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-tva

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)
      Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)
    • Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)
    • Macedonian: -тва (-tva)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -тва
      Latin script: -tva
    • Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:

Further reading
  • Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎ (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gubitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 166
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*litva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 159
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*melztva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 96
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*meltva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 91
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jat(ъ)va”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 183
  • Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1902) “приꙗти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎ (in Russian), volumes 2 (Л – П), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1502
  • Varbot Ž. Ž. (1976) “Вариантность суффиксальной структуры в однокоренных славянских именах и реконструкция праславянского лексического фонда”, in Вопросы языкознания, number 6, Moscow: Nauka, page 33

References
  1. Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gonitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 23
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*bìtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 32: “*bʰiH-tu-eh₂”
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