食む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
食
は
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Etymology

/pamu/ → /famu/ → /hamu/

From Old Japanese.

Possibly cognate with 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

食(は)む • (hamu) transitive godan (stem 食(は)み (hami), past 食(は)んだ (handa))

  1. (archaic, dialectal) to chew and ingest food; to eat
    Synonyms: 食う (kuu), 食べる (taberu)
    草(くさ)を食(は)む
    kusa o hamu
    to graze
  2. to get paid, receive a stipend (from a duty, work, etc.) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  3. to harm, injure
    Synonyms: 害する (gaisuru), 損なう (sokonau)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "食む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 食ま はま hama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 食み はみ hami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 食む はむ hamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 食む はむ hamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 食め はめ hame
Meireikei ("imperative") 食め はめ hame
Key constructions
Passive 食まれる はまれる hamareru
Causative 食ませる
食ます		 はませる
はます		 hamaseru
hamasu
Potential 食める はめる hameru
Volitional 食もう はもう hamō
Negative 食まない はまない hamanai
Negative continuative 食まず はまず hamazu
Formal 食みます はみます hamimasu
Perfective 食んだ はんだ handa
Conjunctive 食んで はんで hande
Hypothetical conditional 食めば はめば hameba

Derived terms
Derived terms

Idioms
  • 金(かね)の轡(くつわ)を食(は)ます (kane no kutsuwa o hamasu)
  • 言(げん)を食(は)む (gen o hamu, “eat one's words”)
  • 禄(ろく)を食(は)む (roku o hamu)

References
  1. Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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