生む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
生
う Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
産む

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 720 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) うむ [ùmú] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

生(う)む • (umu) transitive godan (stem 生(う)み (umi), past 生(う)んだ (unda))

to give birth to; to bear (a child); (of eggs) to lay; (of fish) to spawn
to produce (something)
美風(びふう)を生(う)む
bifū o umu
produce a good custom

銹(さび)を生(う)む
sabi o umu
produce rust

Conjugation

Conjugation of "生む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	生ま	うま	uma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	生み	うみ	umi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	生む	うむ	umu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	生む	うむ	umu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	生め	うめ	ume
Meireikei ("imperative")	生め	うめ	ume
Key constructions
Passive	生まれる	うまれる	umareru
Causative	生ませる生ます	うませるうます	umaseru umasu
Potential	生める	うめる	umeru
Volitional	生もう	うもう	umō
Negative	生まない	うまない	umanai
Negative continuative	生まず	うまず	umazu
Formal	生みます	うみます	umimasu
Perfective	生んだ	うんだ	unda
Conjunctive	生んで	うんで	unde
Hypothetical conditional	生めば	うめば	umeba

Synonyms

(to give birth): 出産(しゅっさん) (shussan), 分娩(ぶんべん) (bunben)

Antonyms

殺(ころ)す (korosu, “kill”)
潰(つぶ)す (tsubusu, “ruin”)

Related terms

生(う)まれる (umareru)

References

“産・生”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

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