油然

Chinese

		oil; sly	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (油然)		油	然
simp. ^#(油然)		油	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yóurán

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴ jin⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù-yèn / yù-yàn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yóurán
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yóurán
  - Wade–Giles: yu²-jan²
  - Yale: yóu-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: youran
  - Palladius: южань (južanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    油然
    猶然／犹然
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jau⁴ jin⁴
  - Yale: yàuh yìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴ jin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴ yin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹ jiːn²¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    柔然
    油然
    蚰蜒
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-yèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ ienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu² yan²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹ i̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-yàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ (r)ianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu² yan²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹ (j)i̯an¹¹/

Middle Chinese: yuw|yuwH nyen

Rime
Character	油	油	然
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	以 (36)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	尤 (136)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	以周切	余救切	如延切
Baxter	yuw	yuwH	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨu/	/jɨu^H/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/jiu/	/jiu^H/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/iəu/	/iəu^H/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juw/	/juw^H/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/iu/	/iu^H/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/jĭəu/	/jĭəu^H/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯u/	/i̯ə̯u^H/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóu	yòu	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau⁴	jau⁶	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[l][u] [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*lɯw|lɯwɢs njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	油	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yóu	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ yuw ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[l][u]/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	flow(ing)	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	油	油	然
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	15525	15534	10756
Phonetic component	由	由	肰
Rime group	幽	奧	元
Rime subdivision	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	猷	狖	然
Old Chinese	/*lɯw/	/*lɯwɢs/	/*njen/
Notes	象柚實，爲柚初文；柚爲條，由枿亦稱木生條，同音相借

Adjective

油然

(literary) rising densely
- 天油然作雲，沛然下雨，則苗浡然興之矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  天油然作云，沛然下雨，则苗浡然兴之矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Tiān yóurán zuò yún, pèirán xiàyǔ, zé miáo bórán xìng zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(literary) welling up spontaneously
油然而生 ― yóurán'érshēng ― to arise spontaneously
- 惛然若亡而存，油然不形而神。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Hūnrán ruò wáng ér cún, yóurán bù xíng ér shén. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

油然而生 (yóurán'érshēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (油然):

→ Japanese: 油(ゆう)然(ぜん) (yūzen); 油(ゆ)然(ぜん) (yuzen)

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