| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (柔然) | 柔 | 然 | |
| simp. #(柔然) | 柔 | 然 | |
edit 柔然油然 蚰蜒 |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 耳由切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | nyuw | nyen |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ȵɨu/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ȵiu/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ȵʑiəu/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ȵuw/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong |
/ȵiu/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li |
/ȵʑĭəu/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ȵʑi̯ə̯u/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
róu | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
jau4 | jin4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
róu | rán |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyuw › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese |
/*nu/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | soft | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8825 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component |
矛 | 肰 |
| Rime group |
幽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
柔 | 然 |
| Old Chinese |
/*mlju/ | /*njen/ |
柔然