欠缺

Chinese

	deficient; owe; to lack deficient; owe; to lack; yawn	lack; scarce; vacant post lack; scarce; vacant post; to run short of
trad. (欠缺)	欠	缺
simp. ^#(欠缺)	欠	缺
anagram	缺欠

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiànquē

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ ㄑㄩㄝ
Cantonese (Jyutping): him³ kyut³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiam-khiet / khiam-khiat
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khiàm-kheh / khiàm-kherh / khiàm-khoeh / khiàm-khoat

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiam³ kuêh⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiànquē
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ ㄑㄩㄝ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciàncyue
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien⁴-chʻüeh¹
  - Yale: chyàn-chywē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiannchiue
  - Palladius: цяньцюэ (cjanʹcjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: him³ kyut³
  - Yale: him kyut
  - Cantonese Pinyin: him³ kyt⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: him³ küd³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiːm³³ kʰyːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam-khiet
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiam kied`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiam⁴ kiad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵ kʰi̯et̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam-khiat
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiam kiad`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiam⁴ kiad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵ kʰi̯at̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-kheh
  - Tâi-lô: khiàm-kheh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqeq
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰeʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-kherh
  - Tâi-lô: khiàm-kherh
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰəʔ⁵/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-khoeh
  - Tâi-lô: khiàm-khueh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqoeq
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰueʔ³²/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰueʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm-khoat
  - Tâi-lô: khiàm-khuat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiarmqoad
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰuat̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰuat̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiam²¹⁻⁵³ kʰuat̚³²/

Note: khiàm-khoat - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiam³ kuêh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiàm khueh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰueʔ²/

Middle Chinese: khjaemH khwet|khjwiet

Rime
Character	欠	缺	缺
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	嚴 (145)	屑 (88)	薛 (82)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	IV	III
Fanqie	去劔切	苦穴切	傾雪切
Baxter	khjaemH	khwet	khjwiet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨɐm^H/	/kʰwet̚/	/kʰiuᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiɐm^H/	/kʰʷet̚/	/kʰʷiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɐm^H/	/kʰuɛt̚/	/kʰjuæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨam^H/	/kʰwɛt̚/	/kʰwiat̚/
Li Rong	/kʰiɐm^H/	/kʰuet̚/	/kʰiuɛt̚/
Wang Li	/kʰĭɐm^H/	/kʰiwet̚/	/kʰĭuɛt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯ɐm^H/	/kʰiwet̚/	/kʰi̯wɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiàn	que	que
Expected Cantonese Reflex	him³	hyut³	hyut³

Noun

欠缺

shortcoming; deficiency

Synonyms

弊害 (bìhài)
弊病 (bìbìng)
弊端 (bìduān)
毛病 (máobìng)
短處／短处 (duǎnchu)
缺失 (quēshī)
缺欠 (quēqiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)
缺點／缺点 (quēdiǎn)
陷 (xiàn) (literary, or in compounds)

Verb

欠缺

(Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to lack; to be deficient in; to be short of
(Taiwanese Hokkien) to need something due to deficiency
(Zhangzhou Hokkien) to not lack; to not be deficient in; to not be short of

Synonyms

(to lack):

不夠／不够 (bùgòu)
不敷 (bùfū) (literary)
不滿／不满 (bùmǎn)
不足 (bùzú)
乏達／乏达 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
匱乏／匮乏 (kuìfá)
欠 (qiàn)
短少 (duǎnshǎo)
短缺 (duǎnquē)
絕乏／绝乏 (juéfá) (literary)
缺乏 (quēfá)
缺如 (quērú) (literary)
缺少 (quēshǎo)
缺欠 (quēqiàn)
缺缺 (Xiamen Hokkien)
虧／亏 (kuī)
貧／贫 (pín) (literary, or in compounds)
闕乏／阙乏 (quēfá) (literary)
闕如／阙如 (quērú) (literary)

(to not lack): (Hokkien) 少缺

Japanese

Kanji in this term
欠	缺
けん Grade: 4	けつ Hyōgaiji
kan’on

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 欠缺 (MC khjaemH khwet).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) けんけつ [kèńkétsú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [kẽ̞ŋke̞t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

欠(けん)缺(けつ) • (kenketsu) ^{←けんけつ (kenketu)^?}

(law) lack
意(い)思(し)の欠(けん)缺(けつ)
ishi no kenketsu
lack of intent

Usage notes

The term would be *欠(けん)欠(けつ) if written in shinjitai, and as such, the kyūjitai form is preserved to avoid ambiguities.

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
欠	缺

Noun

欠缺 • (heumgyeol) (hangeul 흠결)

Hanja form^? of 흠결 (“shortage; deficiency; deficit”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
欠	缺

Noun

欠缺

chữ Hán form of khiếm khuyết (“shortcoming; defect”).

Adjective

欠缺

chữ Hán form of khiếm khuyết (“deficient; lacking”).

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[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN