末流

Chinese

		end; final stage; latter part	to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move
trad. (末流)		末	流
simp. ^#(末流)		末	流

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mòliú

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mut⁶ lau⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): boa̍t-liû

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mòliú
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mòlióu
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴-liu²
  - Yale: mwò-lyóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mohliou
  - Palladius: молю (molju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mòliúr
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mòlióur
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴-liu²-ʼrh
  - Yale: mwò-lyóur
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mohlioul
  - Palladius: молюр (moljur)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹ li̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mut⁶ lau⁴
  - Yale: muht làuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mut⁹ lau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: mud⁶ leo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muːt̚² lɐu̯²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍t-liû
  - Tâi-lô: bua̍t-liû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boadliuu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /buat̚⁴⁻³² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /buat̚²⁴⁻² liu²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /buat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liu¹³/

Middle Chinese: mat ljuw

Rime
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	桓 (64)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	莫撥切	力求切
Baxter	mat	ljuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/	/lɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/	/liu/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/	/liəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/	/luw/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/	/liu/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/	/lĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/	/li̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò	liú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mut⁶	lau⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤat ru/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːd ru/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò	liú
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›	‹ ljuw ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁat/	/*ru/
English	end of a branch	flow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末	流
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9223	8335
Phonetic component	末	流
Rime group	月	幽
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	末	劉
Old Chinese	/*maːd/	/*ru/
Notes		或爲毓省聲

Noun

末流

downstream regions of a river
(figurative) later stages of a school of thought, literature, etc.
(literary, figurative) legacy; heritage
- 維我漢繼五帝末流，接三代統業。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  维我汉继五帝末流，接三代统业。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Wéi wǒ Hàn jì Wǔdì mòliú, jiē Sāndài tǒngyè. [Pinyin]
  This era of ours, the Han, inherits the lasting influences of the Five Sovereigns and continues the unifying exploits of the Three Dynasties.

Adjective

末流

inferior; low-class

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