悠久

Chinese

		at ease; long (in time); sad	(long) time; (long) duration of time
trad. (悠久)		悠	久
simp. ^#(悠久)		悠	久

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōujiǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡㄐㄧㄡˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴ gau²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû-kiú
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iu-kiú / iu-kú / iû-kiú

(Teochew, Peng'im): hiun¹ gu²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōujiǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡㄐㄧㄡˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: youjiǒu
  - Wade–Giles: yu¹-chiu³
  - Yale: yōu-jyǒu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ioujeou
  - Palladius: юцзю (juczju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jau⁴ gau²
  - Yale: yàuh gáu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴ gau²
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴ geo²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹ kɐu̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû-kiú
  - Hakka Romanization System: iu´ giu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹ giu³
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴ ki̯u³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû-kiú
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu´ giu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹ giu³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴ ki̯u³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-kiú
  - Tâi-lô: iu-kiú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kiuo
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² kiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³ kiu⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-kú
  - Tâi-lô: iu-kú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kuo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³ ku⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû-kiú
  - Tâi-lô: iû-kiú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kiuo
  - IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴⁻¹¹ kiu⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu²³⁻³³ kiu⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hiun¹ gu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ kú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩũ³³⁻²³ ku⁵²/

Middle Chinese: yuw kjuwX

Rime
Character	悠	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	以周切	舉有切
Baxter	yuw	kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨu/	/kɨu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/jiu/	/kiu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/iəu/	/kiəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juw/	/kuw^X/
Li Rong	/iu/	/kiu^X/
Wang Li	/jĭəu/	/kĭəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯u/	/ki̯ə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóu	jiǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau⁴	gau²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*liw [k]ʷəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*lɯw kʷlɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	悠	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu	jiǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ yuw ›	‹ kjuw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*liw/	/*[k]ʷəʔ/
English	long-brooding	a long time
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	悠	久
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15479	6969
Phonetic component	攸	久
Rime group	幽	之
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	猷	久
Old Chinese	/*lɯw/	/*kʷlɯʔ/

Adjective

悠久

age-old; long-standing; time-honoured
歷史悠久／历史悠久 ― lìshǐ yōujiǔ ― to have a long history

Synonyms

久遠／久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (悠久):

→ Japanese: 悠久(ゆうきゅう) (yūkyū)
→ Korean: 유구(悠久) (yugu)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悠	久
ゆう Grade: S	きゅう Grade: 5
kan’on

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [jɯ̟ᵝːkʲɨᵝː]

Adjective

悠(ゆう)久(きゅう) • (yūkyū) -na (adnominal 悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)な (yūkyū na), adverbial 悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)に (yūkyū ni))

eternal, continuous, long-lasting
悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)な大(だい)自(し)然(ぜん)
yūkyū na daishizen
eternal nature

Inflection

Inflection of 悠久

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	悠久だろ	ゆうきゅうだろ	yūkyū daro
Continuative (連用形)	悠久で	ゆうきゅうで	yūkyū de
Terminal (終止形)	悠久だ	ゆうきゅうだ	yūkyū da
Attributive (連体形)	悠久な	ゆうきゅうな	yūkyū na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	悠久なら	ゆうきゅうなら	yūkyū nara
Imperative (命令形)	悠久であれ	ゆうきゅうであれ	yūkyū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	悠久ではない悠久じゃない	ゆうきゅうではないゆうきゅうじゃない	yūkyū de wa nai yūkyū ja nai
Informal past	悠久だった	ゆうきゅうだった	yūkyū datta
Informal negative past	悠久ではなかった悠久じゃなかった	ゆうきゅうではなかったゆうきゅうじゃなかった	yūkyū de wa nakatta yūkyū ja nakatta
Formal	悠久です	ゆうきゅうです	yūkyū desu
Formal negative	悠久ではありません悠久じゃありません	ゆうきゅうではありませんゆうきゅうじゃありません	yūkyū de wa arimasen yūkyū ja arimasen
Formal past	悠久でした	ゆうきゅうでした	yūkyū deshita
Formal negative past	悠久ではありませんでした悠久じゃありませんでした	ゆうきゅうではありませんでしたゆうきゅうじゃありませんでした	yūkyū de wa arimasen deshita yūkyū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	悠久で	ゆうきゅうで	yūkyū de
Conditional	悠久なら（ば）	ゆうきゅうなら（ば）	yūkyū nara (ba)
Provisional	悠久だったら	ゆうきゅうだったら	yūkyū dattara
Volitional	悠久だろう	ゆうきゅうだろう	yūkyū darō
Adverbial	悠久に	ゆうきゅうに	yūkyū ni
Degree	悠久さ	ゆうきゅうさ	yūkyūsa

Noun

悠(ゆう)久(きゅう) • (yūkyū)

something that lasts for a long time; something continuous
悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)の歴(れき)史(し)
yūkyū no rekishi
a long history

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