式微

Chinese

		(meaningless particle)	tiny; minute; clandestine tiny; minute; clandestine; hide; elegant; exquisite
trad. (式微)		式	微
simp. ^#(式微)		式	微

Etymology

Rebracketing of 式微 (OC *hljɯɡ mɯl, “meaningless initial particle + to decline”) in a verse of the Classic of Poetry, poem 36 (《詩經·邶風·式微》):

式微式微，胡不歸？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

式微式微，胡不归？ [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Shì wēi shì wēi, hú bù guī? [Pinyin]

Reduced! Reduced! Why not return?

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shìwēi, shìwéi

(Zhuyin): ㄕˋ ㄨㄟ, ㄕˋ ㄨㄟˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sik¹ mei⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sek-bî

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shìwēi
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˋ ㄨㄟ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shìhwei
  - Wade–Giles: shih⁴-wei¹
  - Yale: shr̀-wēi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyhuei
  - Palladius: шивэй (šivɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹ weɪ̯⁵⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    式微
    示威
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; dated variant in Mainland)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shìwéi
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˋ ㄨㄟˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shìhwéi
  - Wade–Giles: shih⁴-wei²
  - Yale: shr̀-wéi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyhwei
  - Palladius: шивэй (šivɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹ weɪ̯³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    室韋／室韦
    式微
    視為／视为
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sik¹ mei⁴
  - Yale: sīk mèih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sik⁷ mei⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: xig¹ méi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɪk̚⁵ mei̯²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sek-bî
  - Tâi-lô: sik-bî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sekbii
  - IPA (Taipei): /siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ bi²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ bi²³/

Middle Chinese: syik mj+j

Rime
Character	式	微
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	蒸 (134)	微 (21)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	賞職切	無非切
Baxter	syik	mj+j
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨk̚/	/mʉi/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕɨk̚/	/mʷɨi/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiek̚/	/miuəi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕik̚/	/muj/
Li Rong	/ɕiək̚/	/miuəi/
Wang Li	/ɕĭək̚/	/mĭwəi/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ək̚/	/mwe̯i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shi	wéi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik¹	mei⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ək məj/

(Zhengzhang): /*hljɯɡ mɯl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	式	式	微
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shì	shì	wēi
Middle Chinese	‹ syik ›	‹ syik ›	‹ mjɨj ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ək/	/*l̥ək/	/*məj/
English	pattern	to wipe	small
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	式	微
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14980	12801
Phonetic component	弋	微
Rime group	職	微
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	識	微
Old Chinese	/*hljɯɡ/	/*mɯl/

Verb

式微

(literary) to decline; to wane

Synonyms

敗落／败落 (bàiluò)
替 (tì) (literary, or in compounds)
沒落／没落 (mòluò)
淪落／沦落 (lúnluò)
漉柵／漉栅 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
破落 (pòluò) (in wealth and position)
衰微 (shuāiwēi) (literary)
衰敗／衰败 (shuāibài)
衰落 (shuāiluò)
陵替 (língtì) (literary)
零落 (língluò)
露渣

Derived terms

漸趨式微／渐趋式微

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