学ぶ

Japanese
Kanji in this term
学
まな
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
學ぶ (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From 真似(まな) (mana, “imitating, copying”) + ぶ (-bu, “to seem like, to act like”, verb-forming suffix). Cognate with 学ぶ (manebu).[1][2][3][4][5]

The initial mana might be a phonetic shift from mane, itself the continuative or stem nominal form of classical verb 真似 (manu, “to imitate, to copy”), from 真 (ma-, “true, real”) + 似 (nu, “copy, imitate”, lower bigrade conjugation; not attested in isolation).

First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2]

The ぶ (-bu) suffix usually conjugated with the upper bigrade pattern (上(かみ)二(に)段活用(だんかつよう) (kami nidan katsuyō)), and manabu conjugated this way until the early Heian period (early 800s). Starting from the mid-Heian (roughly the 900s or 1000s), manabu shifted to conjugate using the classical yodan pattern, the precursor to the modern godan conjugation (五段活用(ごだんかつよう) (godan katsuyō)).[2]

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "学ぶ"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 学ぶ まなぶ [mànábú]
Imperative (命令形) 学べ まなべ [mànábé]
Key constructions
Passive 学ばれる まなばれる [mànábárérú]
Causative 学ばせる まなばせる [mànábásérú]
Potential 学べる まなべる [mànábérú]
Volitional 学ぼう まなぼ​ー [mànábóꜜò]
Negative 学ばない まなばない [mànábánáí]
Negative perfective 学ばなかった まなばな​かった [mànábánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 学びます まなびま​す [mànábímáꜜsù]
Perfective 学んだ まなんだ [mànáńdá]
Conjunctive 学んで まなんで [mànáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 学べば まなべ​ば [mànábéꜜbà]

Verb

学(まな)ぶ • (manabu) godan (stem 学(まな)び (manabi), past 学(まな)んだ (mananda))

  1. [from 720] to study
    地図(ちず)は私(わたし)たちが地理学(ちりがく)を学(まな)ぶ助(たす)けになる
    chizu wa watashitachi ga chirigaku o manabu tasuke ni naru
    A map helps us study geography
  2. [from early 1000s] to learn (by being taught)
    私(わたし)たちは英語(えいご)の読(よ)み方(かた)を学(まな)びました
    watashitachi wa eigo no yomikata o manabimashita
    We learned how to read English
    • 1999, 2000, Front Mission 3, Square
      人類(じんるい)は何(なに)も学(まな)ばない
      jinrui wa nanimo manabanai
      Human never learns
  3. [from late 900s] to learn (by imitating someone or something)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "学ぶ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 学ば まなば manaba
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 学び まなび manabi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 学ぶ まなぶ manabu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 学べ まなべ manabe
Meireikei ("imperative") 学べ まなべ manabe
Key constructions
Passive 学ばれる まなばれる manabareru
Causative 学ばせる
学ばす		 まなばせる
まなばす		 manabaseru
manabasu
Potential 学べる まなべる manaberu
Volitional 学ぼう まなぼう manabō
Negative 学ばない まなばない manabanai
Negative continuative 学ばず まなばず manabazu
Formal 学びます まなびます manabimasu
Perfective 学んだ まなんだ mananda
Conjunctive 学んで まなんで manande
Hypothetical conditional 学べば まなべば manabeba

Middle Japanese until the early Heian period(early 800s):

Classical conjugation of "学ぶ" (バ行上二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 学びまなびmanabi
Continuative (連用形) 学びまなびmanabi
Terminal (終止形) 学ぶまなぶmanabu
Attributive (連体形) 学ぶるまなぶるmanaburu
Realis (已然形) 学ぶれまなぶれmanabure
Imperative (命令形) 学びよまなびよmanabiyo
Key constructions
Negative 学びずまなびずmanabizu
Contrasting conjunction 学ぶれどまなぶれどmanaburedo
Causal conjunction 学ぶればまなぶればmanabureba
Conditional conjunction 学びばまなびばmanabiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 学びきまなびきmanabiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 学びけりまなびけりmanabikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 学びつまなびつmanabitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 学びぬまなびぬmanabinu
Perfect-continuative tense 学びたりまなびたりmanabitari
Volitional 学びむまなびむmanabimu

Middle Japanese since the mid-Heian period (roughly the 900s or 1000s):

Classical conjugation of "学ぶ" (バ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 学ばまなばmanaba
Continuative (連用形) 学びまなびmanabi
Terminal (終止形) 学ぶまなぶmanabu
Attributive (連体形) 学ぶまなぶmanabu
Realis (已然形) 学べまなべmanabe
Imperative (命令形) 学べまなべmanabe
Key constructions
Negative 学ばずまなばずmanabazu
Contrasting conjunction 学べどまなべどmanabedo
Causal conjunction 学べばまなべばmanabeba
Conditional conjunction 学ばばまなばばmanababa
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 学びきまなびきmanabiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 学びけりまなびけりmanabikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 学びつまなびつmanabitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 学びぬまなびぬmanabinu
Perfect-continuative tense 学べり
学びたり		まなべり
まなびたり		manaberi
manabitari
Volitional 学ばむまなばむmanabamu

Synonyms

See also

References
  1. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. “学”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. “学ぶ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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