< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḥarb-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ḥarb- m or f

  1. blade, knife, long and sharp implement

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *ḥarb-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbum *ḥarbāna plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive *ḥarbim *ḥarbayna plural stem + *-īna
Accusative *ḥarbam
possessive forms
1st person *ḥarbī / *ḥarbVya — *ḥarbVni
2nd person m *ḥarbVka *ḥarbVkumā / *ḥarbVkumay *ḥarbVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ḥarbVki *ḥarbVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ḥarbVšu *ḥarbVšumā / *ḥarbVšumay *ḥarbVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ḥarbVša *ḥarbVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥarbuya for nom. case, *ḥarbiya for gen. case, *ḥarbaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥarb-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbuka *ḥarbāka plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive *ḥarbika *ḥarbayka plural stem + *-īka
Accusative *ḥarbaka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥarb-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbuki *ḥarbāki plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive *ḥarbiki *ḥarbayki plural stem + *-īki
Accusative *ḥarbaki

Femenine:

Declension of *ḥarb-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbum *ḥarbāna *ḥarbātum
Genitive *ḥarbim *ḥarbayna *ḥarbātim
Accusative *ḥarbam
possessive forms
1st person *ḥarbī / *ḥarbVya — *ḥarbVni
2nd person m *ḥarbVka *ḥarbVkumā / *ḥarbVkumay *ḥarbVkum(ū)
2nd person f *ḥarbVki *ḥarbVkin(ā)
3rd person m *ḥarbVšu *ḥarbVšumā / *ḥarbVšumay *ḥarbVšum(ū)
3rd person f *ḥarbVša *ḥarbVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḥarbuya for nom. case, *ḥarbiya for gen. case, *ḥarbaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḥarb-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbuka *ḥarbāka *ḥarbātuka
Genitive *ḥarbika *ḥarbayka *ḥarbātika
Accusative *ḥarbaka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḥarb-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *ḥarbuki *ḥarbāki *ḥarbātuki
Genitive *ḥarbiki *ḥarbayki *ḥarbātiki
Accusative *ḥarbaki

Reconstruction notes

Not inherited in West Semitic outside Central Semitic, and the Akkadian reflex is irregular unless one accepts Proto-Semitic *x̣. Kogan considers this term only to be reconstructible to Proto-Central Semitic.

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒄑𒀳𒌆𒆥 (ḫarbum, “specialized plow used to physically break apart solid soil, opposed to other weaker types used to merely draw furrows to drop seeds in”)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Arabic: حَرْب f (ḥarb, “war”)
        • ⇒ Arabic: حَرْبَة f (ḥarba, “javelin, spearhead”)
        • Egyptian Arabic: حرب f (ḥarb, “war”)
        • Gulf Arabic: حرب f (ḥarb, “war”)
        • Maltese: ħarb m (“war”)
        • → Persian: حرب (harb, “war”)
        • → Soqotri: ḥarib (“fight”)
        • ⇒ Amharic: አርበኛ (ʾärbäñña, “patriot”)
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Aramaic:
          • Imperial Aramaic: 𐡇𐡓𐡁 (ḥrb)
          • Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܚܪܒ
          • Classical Syriac: ܚܰܪܒ݂ܴܿܐ (ḥarbā, “sword; spearhead”)
          • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: חַרְבׇּא (ḥarbā, “sword; blade”)
          • Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: חַרְבׇּא (“sword”)
        • Canaanite:
          • Hebrew: חֶרֶב f (khérev, ḥéreḇ, “sword; war; ploughshare”)
        • Ugaritic: 𐎈𐎗𐎁 (ḥrb /⁠ḥarbu⁠/, “knife, sword”)
      • Old South Arabian
        • Old South Arabian: 𐩢𐩧𐩨𐩩 (ḥrbt, “battle”)
  • →? Ancient Greek: ἅρπη (hárpē, “sickle, scimitar; a bird of prey”)
  • → Egyptian: ḥjrꜣpw (“dagger, short sword”)

References
  • Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 211
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