< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wardah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

    Cognate with Sanskrit वर्ध (várdha, “increasing”), Sanskrit वृध् (vṛ́dh, “growth”).

    Noun

    *wardah m[1][2][3][4][5]

    1. flower, rose
    2. shrub

    Inflection
    masculine a-stem
    singular dual plural
    nominative *wardah *wardā *wardā
    vocative *warda *wardā *wardā
    accusative *wardam *wardā *wardānh
    instrumental *wardā *wardaybyaH *wardāyš
    ablative *wardāt *wardaybyaH *wardaybyah
    dative *wardāy *wardaybyaH *wardaybyah
    genitive *wardahya *wardayāh *wardānam
    locative *warday *wardayaw *wardayšu

    Alternative reconstructions

    Descendants
    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (varəδa, “rose, shrub”)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian: *wardi
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *wardi
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (vala, “rose”)
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Khwarezmian: [script needed] pl (wrδc, “flower”)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠ward⁠/, “rose”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫡𐫔𐫎𐫏𐫏 pl (wrδṯyy)
          Sogdian script: 𐼴𐽀𐼹 (wrδ)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Pashto: *wāray
        • ⇒ Pashto: پلواری (palwāray, “tea rose”), پلواړی (palwāṛay)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *wurdīgæ
        • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: [Term?] (“shrub”)
          • Munji: [script needed] (wulīɣa)
          • Yidgha: [script needed] (wulyeɣo)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Central Kurdish: گوڵ (gull, “flower”)
      • Medo-Parthian:
        • Middle Median: *wāl
          • Semnani: [script needed] (väl), [script needed] (välä)
          • Tati: [Term?] (vel)
        • Parthian: 𐫇𐫀𐫡 (wʾr /⁠wār⁠/, “flower”)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: *vr̥dah
        • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwl), [Book Pahlavi needed] (WLTʾ /⁠gul⁠/)
          • Classical Persian: گل (ɡul)
            • Dari: گل (gul)
            • Iranian Persian: گل (gol) (see there for further descendants)
            • Tajik: гул (gul)
            • → Gilaki: گل (gul)
            • → Ishkashimi: gul
            • → Northern Kurdish: gul
            • → Parachi: ګل (gul)
            • → Pashto: ګل (gul)
            • → Sanglechi: gɛl
            • → Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (gel)
            • → Wakhi: gul, gыl
            • → Yazghulami: г̊ол (g̊ol)
            • → Yidgha: گل (gul)
        • → Aramaic:
          Imperial Aramaic: 𐡅𐡀𐡓𐡃𐡀 (wardā, wurdā)
          Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ורדא (wardā, wurdā)
        • → Old Armenian: վարդ (vard)
        • → Ancient Greek: ῥόδον (rhódon), βρόδον (bródon); ϝρόδον (wródon)
          • Greek: ρόδο (ródo)
          • ⇒ New Latin: rhodium (see there for further descendants)
          • →? Oscan:
            • →? Latin: rosa (see there for further descendants)

    References
    1. Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, page 32: “PIr *u̯(a)r̥da-”
    2. Gharib, B. (1995) “wrδ¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 411: “*warda”
    3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180: “u̯arda-, *u̯r̥da-”
    4. Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vala”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 378: “*varda-”
    5. Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 1369
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