< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tum-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Thought to be related to *tewh₂- (“to swell”). However, the laryngeal is problematic. De Vaan suggests a hypothetical **tu- as the underlying form of this and *tewh₂-.

Root

*tum-[3][4]

  1. to swell
  2. to become big or strong
  3. mound

Derived terms
Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tum- not found
  • *tum-éh₁ye-ti (stative)[1][3][5]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: tumė́ti (“to thicken”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *tumīti[2] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *tumēō
      • Latin: tumeō (“to swell; to be violent”)
  • *tum-id-o-s
    • Proto-Italic: *tumidos
      • Latin: tumidus (see there for further descendants)
  • *tu(h₂)m-ō[5] (see there for further descendants)
  • *tum-ō-s
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: tumor (see there for further descendants)
  • *tum-ó-s[5]
    • Proto-Celtic: *tumos (“strength; growth”)
      • Proto-Brythonic: *tuβ̃
        • Welsh: twf
        • Old Breton: tum
          • Breton: teñv
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumás
      • Proto-Iranian: *tumáh
        • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬀 (tumāspana, “with fat horses”, personal name)
  • *tum-o-ló-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumalás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumalás
    • Proto-Italic: *tumolos
      • Latin: tumulus (see there for further descendants)
  • *tum-ró-s (“swollen”)[5]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumrás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumrás
        • Sanskrit: तुम्र (tumrá, túmra, “big, strong”)[3]
*tum-bʰ-[6]
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: թումբ (tʻumb, “embankment, mound”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *tumbos
    • Middle Irish: tomm (“small hill”)
    • Middle Welsh: tom (“dung, mound”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τύμβος (túmbos, “mound, burial mound, grave”), τύμβη (túmbē) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Celtic: *towmā
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Welsh: tumon, tumion (“haunches”)
    • Middle Irish: túaim (“hill, mound”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tūtumás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tūtumás
      • Sanskrit: तूतुम (tūtumá, “strong, effective”)[3]
  • Proto-Italic: *tumoltos
    • Latin: tumultus (“earth-hill; uproar, turmoil, disturbance, tumult”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*teu̯m-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 654
  2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “tum-ī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “tumeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 633
  4. Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թումբ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 206
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “þū̆man-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 550
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tumbo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
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