< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)twerH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/twerH-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)twerH-

  1. to stir up, agitate
  2. to urge on, propel

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)twerH-‎ (4 c, 0 e)
  • *(s)téwrH-ye-ti (ye-present)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *stiurijaną (“to direct, steer”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)towrH-éye-ti (eye-causative)
    • Proto-Germanic: *staurijaną
      • Proto-West Germanic: *staurijan (“to disturb, destroy”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)twérH-e-ti (root thematic root present)[3][5]
    • Proto-Germanic: *þweraną (“to swirl, stir”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twárHati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twárHati
        • Sanskrit: त्वरते (tvárate, “to hurry up, hasten”)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरयति (tvarayati, “to cause to hasten”)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: त्वरा (tvarā́, “speed, haste”)
  • *(s)twr̥H-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)[5]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *twr̥Háti (“to hurry”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *truwō (“to stir”) (< metathesized *truH-é-ti)
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *ambitruwō (+ *ambi-)
        • Latin: amptruō (“to execute a figure or movement”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *truwā
        • Latin: trua (“ladle”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)twr̥H-néw-ti (new-present)[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *trū́núō (< metathesized *truHnéwti)
      • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trū́ňňō (+ *-yō[6])
        • Ancient Greek: ὀτρύνω (otrúnō, “to stir up; to hasten”) (+ unexplained *o-)
  • *(s)twr̥H-yé-ti (ye-deponent)[3]
    • Proto-Germanic: *sturjaną, *þurjaną
      • Proto-West Germanic: *sturjan (“to stir up, agitate; to propel, move forward”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Old Norse: þyrja (“to speed”)
      • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturiz (“stirring, agitation; motion”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *sturmaz (“storm”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)towrH-o-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (“disturbance, destruction”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τύρβη (túrbē), σύρβη (súrbē)
  • Proto-Italic:

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. tu̯er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1100-1101
  2. Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Sturm”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 711: “*stwer-”
  3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tu̯er-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 655
  4. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*tu̯er-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 607
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
  6. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὀτραλέως”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1123
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