Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karmiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*karmaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r-smn̥ (“call, cry”), from *ǵeh₂r- (“to call”). Cognate with Old Irish gairm (“call, shout”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑr.miz/

Noun

*karmiz m

(West Germanic) cry; call; shout; lament
(West Germanic) noise; sound; alarm

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *karmiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*karmiz	*karmīz
vocative	*karmi	*karmīz
accusative	*karmį	*karminz
genitive	*karmīz	*karmijǫ̂
dative	*karmī	*karmimaz
instrumental	*karmī	*karmimiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *karmi, *karm
- Old English: ċierm (< *karmiz); ċearm (< *karmaz)
  - Middle English: chirm, chirme
    - English: chirm, churm; charm
    - Scots: chirm, churme
- Old Frisian: *zerm, *kerm
  - ⇒ West Frisian: tsjirmje, tjirmje, kjirmje
- Old Saxon: karm, *kerm
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: karmen, kermen (“to wail, whine, whimper, lament, sigh, moan”)
- Old Dutch: *karm, *kerm
  - ⇒ Middle Dutch: carmen, caermen, kermen
    - Dutch: kermen
      - Afrikaans: kerm
- Old High German: *charm
  - ⇒ Middle High German: karmen (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)
    - German: karmen

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