龜茲

See also: 龟兹

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (龜茲)		龜	茲
simp. (龟兹)		龟	兹

Etymology

First attested in the Book of Han, written in the 2nd century. Apparently corresponds to the endonym of the historical Kucha in Tocharian B *Kuśi, attested in the genitive Kuśiñ and adjective kuśiññe (“pertaining to *Kuśi”), or its more archaic variant (see Adams, 2013, which reconstructs the Proto-Tocharian *kući(ye) proto-form for the adjective). Cf. Niya Prakrit 𐨐𐨂𐨕𐨁𐨪𐨗𐨎𐨨𐨁 (kucirajaṃmi, “kingdom of Kuci”). Adams (ibid.) suggests further etymology from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“shining, white”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Qiūcí

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄡㄘˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kau¹ ci⁴, gau¹ ci⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Qiūcí
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄡㄘˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Cioucíh
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻiu¹-tzʻŭ²
  - Yale: Chyōu-tsź
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chioutsyr
  - Palladius: Цюцы (Cjucy)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kau¹ ci⁴, gau¹ ci⁴
  - Yale: kāu chìh, gāu chìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kau¹ tsi⁴, gau¹ tsi⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: keo¹ qi⁴, geo¹ qi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

Note: gau1 ci4 - usually avoided for euphemism.

Middle Chinese: kjuw dzi

Rime
Character	龜	茲
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	居求切	疾之切
Baxter	kjuw	dzi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu/	/d͡zɨ/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu/	/d͡zɨ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu/	/d͡zie/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw/	/d͡zɨ/
Li Rong	/kiu/	/d͡ziə/
Wang Li	/kĭəu/	/d͡zĭə/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u/	/d͡zʱi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiū	cí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau¹	ci⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯ zɯ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	龜
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guī
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʷə/
English	tortoise
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	龜	茲
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4614	17848
Phonetic component	龜	兹
Rime group	之	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	鳩	慈
Old Chinese	/*kʷɯ/	/*zɯ/

Proper noun

龜茲

Kucha or Kuchar (an ancient Central Asian city-state that flourished in the first millennium AD, located in modern day Aksu, Xinjiang)

Synonyms

庫車／库车 (Kùchē)

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