香る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
香
かお
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
薫る
馨る (rare)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] No Ryukyuan cognates exist.

Given the Old Japanese spelling kaworu, this can be analyzable as a compound of Old Japanese elements 香 (ka, “fragrance”) +‎ 居る (oru ← woru, “to have, to exist”).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) かおる [kàórú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠o̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

香(かお)る • (kaoru) ←かをる (kaworu)?intransitive godan (stem 香(かお)り (kaori), past 香(かお)った (kaotta))

  1. [from 720] have a fragrance or pleasant scent, be fragrant
  2. [from c. 898-901] to smell good
  3. [from c. 898-901] to be beautiful of the face (especially the eyes)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "香る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 香ら かおら kaora
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 香り かおり kaori
Shūshikei ("terminal") 香る かおる kaoru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 香る かおる kaoru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 香れ かおれ kaore
Meireikei ("imperative") 香れ かおれ kaore
Key constructions
Passive 香られる かおられる kaorareru
Causative 香らせる
香らす		 かおらせる
かおらす		 kaoraseru
kaorasu
Potential 香れる かおれる kaoreru
Volitional 香ろう かおろう kaorō
Negative 香らない かおらない kaoranai
Negative continuative 香らず かおらず kaorazu
Formal 香ります かおります kaorimasu
Perfective 香った かおった kaotta
Conjunctive 香って かおって kaotte
Hypothetical conditional 香れば かおれば kaoreba
Classical conjugation of "香る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 香らかをらkawora
Continuative (連用形) 香りかをりkawori
Terminal (終止形) 香るかをるkaworu
Attributive (連体形) 香るかをるkaworu
Realis (已然形) 香れかをれkawore
Imperative (命令形) 香れかをれkawore
Key constructions
Negative 香らずかをらずkaworazu
Contrasting conjunction 香れどかをれどkaworedo
Causal conjunction 香ればかをればkaworeba
Conditional conjunction 香らばかをらばkaworaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 香りきかをりきkaworiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 香りけりかをりけりkaworikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 香りつかをりつkaworitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 香りぬかをりぬkaworinu
Perfect-continuative tense 香れり
香りたり		かをれり
かをりたり		kaworeri
kaworitari
Volitional 香らむかをらむkaworamu

References
  1. “薫・香”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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