風化

See also: 风化

Chinese
 
wind; news; style
wind; news; style; custom; manner
 
to make into; to change into; ‑ization
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (風化) 風 化
simp. (风化) 风 化

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 風 化
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 東 (2) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III II
Fanqie 方戎切 呼霸切
Baxter pjuwng xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /pɨuŋ/ /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /piuŋ/ /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /piuŋ/ /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /puwŋ/ /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /piuŋ/ /xuaH/
Wang
Li		 /pĭuŋ/ /xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /pi̯uŋ/ /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 fēng huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 fung1 faa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 風 化
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 fēng huà
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ pjuwng › ‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*prəm/ /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English wind (n.) transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 風 化
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 2921 5327
Phonetic
component		 凡 化
Rime
group		 侵 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 風 化
Old
Chinese		 /*plum/ /*hŋʷraːls/

Noun

風化

  1. decency; morals and manners
  2. efflorescence; weathering; wind erosion

Verb

風化

  1. (literary) to educate; to teach good manners; to civilize; to enlighten by education; to shape the mind through education
  2. to weather (rocks)

Derived terms

Japanese
Kanji in this term
風 化
ふう
Grade: 2		 か
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝːka̠]

Noun

風(ふう)化(か) • (fūka) 

  1. weathering
  2. fadeaway

Verb

風(ふう)化(か)する • (fūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 風(ふう)化(か)し (fūka shi), past 風(ふう)化(か)した (fūka shita))

  1. to weather (rocks)
    風化(ふうか)した石(いし)
    fūka shita ishi
    weathered stone
  2. to fade away
    大震災(だいしんさい)の記憶(きおく)が風化(ふうか)しつつある。
    Dai shinsai no kioku ga fūka shi tsutsu aru.
    Memories of the great earthquake is fading away.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "風化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 風化し ふうかし fūka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 風化し ふうかし fūka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 風化する ふうかする fūka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 風化する ふうかする fūka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 風化すれ ふうかすれ fūka sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 風化せよ¹
風化しろ²		 ふうかせよ¹
ふうかしろ²		 fūka seyo¹
fūka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 風化される ふうかされる fūka sareru
Causative 風化させる
風化さす		 ふうかさせる
ふうかさす		 fūka saseru
fūka sasu
Potential 風化できる ふうかできる fūka dekiru
Volitional 風化しよう ふうかしよう fūka shiyō
Negative 風化しない ふうかしない fūka shinai
Negative continuative 風化せず ふうかせず fūka sezu
Formal 風化します ふうかします fūka shimasu
Perfective 風化した ふうかした fūka shita
Conjunctive 風化して ふうかして fūka shite
Hypothetical conditional 風化すれば ふうかすれば fūka sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Korean
Hanja in this term
風化

Noun

風化 • (punghwa) (hangeul 풍화)

  1. Hanja form? of 풍화 (“weathering”).

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
風化

Noun

風化

  1. chữ Hán form of phong hóa (“weathering”).
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