靈修

Chinese

		alert; departed soul; efficacious alert; departed soul; efficacious; quick; effective; intelligence	to decorate; to embellish; to repair to decorate; to embellish; to repair; to build; to study; to write; to cultivate
trad. (靈修)		靈	修
simp. (灵修)		灵	修
alternative forms		靈脩／灵脩

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): língxiū

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄡ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴ sau¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìn-siû
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lêng-siu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: língxiū
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: língsiou
  - Wade–Giles: ling²-hsiu¹
  - Yale: líng-syōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingshiou
  - Palladius: линсю (linsju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴ sau¹
  - Yale: lìhng sāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴ sau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴ seo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹ sɐu̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn-siû
  - Hakka Romanization System: linˇ xiu´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lin² xiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹ ɕi̯u²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-siu
  - Tâi-lô: lîng-siu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lengsiw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɕiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɕiu³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɕiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɕiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɕiu⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: leng sjuw

Rime
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	青 (125)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎丁切	息流切
Baxter	leng	sjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leŋ/	/sɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/leŋ/	/siu/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛŋ/	/siəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjŋ/	/suw/
Li Rong	/leŋ/	/siu/
Wang Li	/lieŋ/	/sĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/lieŋ/	/si̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	xiū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴	sau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤeŋ s-liw/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːŋ slɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng	xiū
Middle Chinese	‹ leng ›	‹ sjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁeŋ/	/*s-liw/
English	supernatural	adorn
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	靈	修
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8259	15475
Phonetic component	霝	攸
Rime group	耕	幽
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	靈	脩
Old Chinese	/*reːŋ/	/*slɯw/

Noun

靈修

(literary) wise and insightful person
(literary, figurative) king; ruler
(literary) god; goddess

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