陵谷

Chinese

		mound; tomb; hill mound; tomb; hill; mountain	valley
trad. (陵谷)		陵	谷
simp. ^#(陵谷)		陵	谷

Etymology

Figurative sense from the Shijing:

高岸為谷、深谷為陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

高岸为谷、深谷为陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Gāo'àn wéi gǔ, shēngǔ wéi líng. [Pinyin]

High banks become valleys;
Deep valleys become hills.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): línggǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: línggǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: línggǔ
  - Wade–Giles: ling²-ku³
  - Yale: líng-gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingguu
  - Palladius: лингу (lingu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Middle Chinese: ling kuwk|luwk|yowk

Rime
Character	陵	谷	谷	谷
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	見 (28)	來 (37)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	東 (3)	東 (3)	鍾 (8)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I	I	III
Fanqie	力膺切	古禄切	盧谷切	余蜀切
Baxter	ling	kuwk	luwk	yowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/jɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/jiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lieŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/iok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liŋ/	/kəwk̚/	/ləwk̚/	/juawk̚/
Li Rong	/liəŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/iok̚/
Wang Li	/lĭəŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/jĭwok̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əŋ/	/kuk̚/	/luk̚/	/i̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	gu	lù	wù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴	guk¹	luk⁶	juk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ C.qˤok/

(Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ ɦkroːɡ|kloːɡ|ɡ·loːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陵	谷
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ ling ›	‹ kuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]əŋ/	/*C.qˁok/
English	mound, hill	valley
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陵	谷	谷	谷
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	8246	4298	4299	4310
Phonetic component	夌	谷	谷	谷
Rime group	蒸	屋	屋	屋
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	陵	禄	穀	欲
Old Chinese	/*rɯŋ/	/*ɦkroːɡ/	/*kloːɡ/	/*ɡ·loːɡ/
Notes		見史記

Noun

陵谷

hills and valleys
mausoleum
Synonym: 陵墓 (língmù)
(literary, figuratively) the ruler and the subject switching places
(literary, figuratively) great change

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