躓く

Japanese
Kanji in this term
躓
つまず
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Etymology

⟨tuma tuku⟩ → ⟨tumaduku⟩ → */tumaⁿduku/ → /t͡sumad͡zuku/ → /t͡sumazuku/

From Old Japanese.

Originally a compound of 爪 (tsuma, ancient combining form of tsume, “nail, claw”) +‎ 突く (tsuku, “to poke, jab”).[1][2] The tsuku changes to zuku as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) つまずく [tsùmázúkú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • (Tokyo) つまず​く [tsùmázúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝma̠zɨᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "躓く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 躓く つまずく [tsùmázúkú]
Imperative (命令形) 躓け つまずけ [tsùmázúké]
Key constructions
Passive 躓かれる つまずかれる [tsùmázúkárérú]
Causative 躓かせる つまずかせる [tsùmázúkásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 躓こう つまずこ​ー [tsùmázúkóꜜò]
Negative 躓かない つまずかない [tsùmázúkánáí]
Negative perfective 躓かなかった つまずかな​かった [tsùmázúkánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 躓きます つまずきま​す [tsùmázúkímáꜜsù]
Perfective 躓いた つまずいた [tsùmázúítá]
Conjunctive 躓いて つまずいて [tsùmázúíté]
Hypothetical conditional 躓けば つまずけ​ば [tsùmázúkéꜜbà]

Verb

躓(つまず)く • (tsumazuku) ←つまづく (tumaduku)?intransitive godan (stem 躓(つまず)き (tsumazuki), past 躓(つまず)いた (tsumazuita))

  1. to stumble or trip
    • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
      石(いし)に躓(つまず)いて転(ころ)んだ ― ishi ni tsumazuite koronda ― to be tripped by a stone
  2. to fail partway through
    Synonyms: 蹉跌する (satetsu suru), 挫折する (zasetsu suru)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "躓く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 躓か つまずか tsumazuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 躓き つまずき tsumazuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 躓く つまずく tsumazuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 躓く つまずく tsumazuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 躓け つまずけ tsumazuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 躓け つまずけ tsumazuke
Key constructions
Passive 躓かれる つまずかれる tsumazukareru
Causative 躓かせる
躓かす		 つまずかせる
つまずかす		 tsumazukaseru
tsumazukasu
Potential 躓ける つまずける tsumazukeru
Volitional 躓こう つまずこう tsumazukō
Negative 躓かない つまずかない tsumazukanai
Negative continuative 躓かず つまずかず tsumazukazu
Formal 躓きます つまずきます tsumazukimasu
Perfective 躓いた つまずいた tsumazuita
Conjunctive 躓いて つまずいて tsumazuite
Hypothetical conditional 躓けば つまずけば tsumazukeba
Classical conjugation of "躓く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 躓かつまづかtumaduka
Continuative (連用形) 躓きつまづきtumaduki
Terminal (終止形) 躓くつまづくtumaduku
Attributive (連体形) 躓くつまづくtumaduku
Realis (已然形) 躓けつまづけtumaduke
Imperative (命令形) 躓けつまづけtumaduke
Key constructions
Negative 躓かずつまづかずtumadukazu
Contrasting conjunction 躓けどつまづけどtumadukedo
Causal conjunction 躓けばつまづけばtumadukeba
Conditional conjunction 躓かばつまづかばtumadukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 躓ききつまづききtumadukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 躓きけりつまづきけりtumadukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 躓きつつまづきつtumadukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 躓きぬつまづきぬtumadukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 躓けり
躓きたり		つまづけり
つまづきたり		tumadukeri
tumadukitari
Volitional 躓かむつまづかむtumadukamu

Derived terms
  • 躓(つまず)き (tsumazuki)
  • 蹴(け)躓(つまず)く (ketsumazuku)

Proverbs
  • 躓(つまず)く石(いし)も縁(えん)の端(はし) (tsumazuku ishi mo en no hashi)
  • 騏(き)驥(き)にも躓(つまず)きあり (kiki ni mo tsumazuki ari)
  • 山(やま)に躓(つまず)かずして垤(てつ)に躓(つまず)く (yama ni tsumazukazu shite tetsu ni tsumazuku)

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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