貨殖

See also: 货殖

Chinese

		goods; money; commodity	grow; reproduce
trad. (貨殖)		貨	殖
simp. (货殖)		货	殖

Etymology

Originally a subject-verb construct that literally means "the goods multiply", "the wealth grows", etc., that has become idiomatic as compound. The appearance of the noun sense ("merchant") was likely influenced by the chapter title 《貨殖列傳》, a biography of entrepreneurs in the Records of the Grand Historian.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huòzhí

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄓˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huòzhí
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄓˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huòjhíh
  - Wade–Giles: huo⁴-chih²
  - Yale: hwò-jŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huohjyr
  - Palladius: хочжи (xočži)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/

Middle Chinese: xwaH dzyik

Rime
Character	貨	殖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	呼臥切	常職切
Baxter	xwaH	dzyik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huɑ^H/	/d͡ʑɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/huɑ^H/	/d͡ʑɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɑ^H/	/d͡ʑiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwa^H/	/d͡ʑik̚/
Li Rong	/xuɑ^H/	/ʑiək̚/
Wang Li	/xuɑ^H/	/ʑĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/xuɑ^H/	/ʑi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huò	shí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fo³	sik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˁaj-s N-tək/

(Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷaːls djɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貨	殖
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huò	zhí
Middle Chinese	‹ xwa^H ›	‹ dzyik ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁaj-s/	/*N-tək/
English	(movable) property, goods	grow, flourish (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貨	殖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5325	17272
Phonetic component	化	直
Rime group	歌	職
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	貨	寔
Old Chinese	/*hŋʷaːls/	/*djɯɡ/

Verb

貨殖

(archaic) to make a fortune; to profit
- 子曰：「回也其庶乎，屢空。賜不受命，而貨殖焉，億則屢中。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子曰：「回也其庶乎，屡空。赐不受命，而货殖焉，亿则屡中。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zǐ yuē: “Huí yě qí shù hū, lǚ kōng. Cì bù shòumìng, ér huò zhí yān, yì zé lǚ zhòng.” [Pinyin]
  The Master said, "There is Hui! He has nearly attained to perfect virtue. He is often in want. Ci does not acquiesce in the appointments of Heaven, and his goods are increased by him. Yet his judgments are often correct."
- 「賜不受命，而貨殖焉。」賜本不受天之富命，所加貨財積聚，為世富人者，得貨殖之術也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  「赐不受命，而货殖焉。」赐本不受天之富命，所加货财积聚，为世富人者，得货殖之术也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version
  “Cì bù shòumìng, ér huò zhí yān.” Cì běn bùshòu tiān zhī fùmìng, suǒ jiā huòcái jījù, wéi shì fùrén zhě, dé huòzhí zhī shù yě. [Pinyin]
  "Ci, though not predestined thereto, made a fortune." His capital increased without a decree from Heaven which would have him rich. The accumulation of wealth is due to the cleverness of the rich men of the time in making a fortune.
(archaic) to engage in commerce; to do business

Noun

貨殖

(archaic) merchant; businessperson; entrepreneur

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