虛假

See also: 虚假 and 虚仮

Chinese

		devoid of content; void; false devoid of content; void; false; empty; vain	vacation; fake; false vacation; fake; false; artificial; to borrow; if; suppose
trad. (虛假)		虛	假
simp. (虚假)		虚	假

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xūjiǎ

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄐㄧㄚˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi¹ gaa²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-ká
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hir-ké / hi-ké / hu-ké / hi-kée / hir-ká / hu-ká

(Teochew, Peng'im): he¹ gê²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xūjiǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄐㄧㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: syujiǎ
  - Wade–Giles: hsü¹-chia³
  - Yale: syū-jyǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiujea
  - Palladius: сюйцзя (sjujczja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: heoi¹ gaa²
  - Yale: hēui gá
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoey¹ gaa²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêu¹ ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵy̯⁵⁵ kaː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-ká
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi´ ga`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi¹ ga³
  - Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴ ka³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hir-ké
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ke⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hi-ké
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hi'kea
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hu-ké
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kea
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-kée
  - Tâi-lô: hi-kée
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ká
  - Tâi-lô: hir-ká
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ka⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ká
  - Tâi-lô: hu-ká
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kar
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: he¹ gê²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hṳ ké
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯ³³⁻²³ ke⁵²/

Middle Chinese: xjo kaeX

Rime
Character	虛	假
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	朽居切	古疋切
Baxter	xjo	kaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨʌ/	/kˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɔ/	/kᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɔ/	/ka^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨə̆/	/kaɨ^X/
Li Rong	/xiɔ/	/ka^X/
Wang Li	/xĭo/	/ka^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯wo/	/ka^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xū	jiǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	heoi¹	gaa²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)a Cə.kˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰa kraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xū	jiǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ xjo ›	‹ kæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰ(r)a/	/*Cə.kˁraʔ/
English	empty	borrow; false
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	5269	5955
Phonetic component	虍	叚
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	虚	檟
Old Chinese	/*qʰa/	/*kraːʔ/

Adjective

虛假

faked; false; shame
- 貧則見廉，富則見義，生則見愛，死則見哀，四行者不可虛假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  贫则见廉，富则见义，生则见爱，死则见哀，四行者不可虚假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE
  Pín zé jiàn lián, fù zé jiàn yì, shēng zé jiàn ài, sǐ zé jiàn āi, sì xíng zhě bùkě xūjiǎ, fǎn zhī shēn zhě yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

虛幻／虚幻 (xūhuàn)
(Hakka) 花假, 花花假假

Antonyms

真實／真实 (zhēnshí)

Derived terms

虛假大學／虚假大学 (xūjiǎ dàxué)
虛假婚姻／虚假婚姻 (xūjiǎ hūnyīn)
虛假意識／虚假意识 (xūjiǎ yìshí)

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