| vague; vast | so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (茫然) | 茫 | 然 | |
| simp. #(茫然) | 茫 | 然 | |
| alternative forms | 芒然 汒然 | ||
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 茫 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 莫郎切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | mang | nyen |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/maŋ/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
máng | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
mong4 | jin4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
rán |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 茫 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12641 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component |
亡 | 肰 |
| Rime group |
陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
茫 | 然 |
| Old Chinese |
/*maːŋ/ | /*njen/ |
| Notes | 見漢書 | |