樂土

Chinese

		happy	land
trad. (樂土)		樂	土
simp. (乐土)		乐	土

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lètǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lok⁶ tou⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lo̍k-thô͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lètǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄜˋ ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lètǔ
  - Wade–Giles: lê⁴-tʻu³
  - Yale: lè-tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lehtuu
  - Palladius: лэту (lɛtu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɤ⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lok⁶ tou⁵
  - Yale: lohk tóuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lok⁹ tou⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: log⁶ tou⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːk̚² tʰou̯¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍k-thô͘
  - Tâi-lô: lo̍k-thôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: logtoo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tʰɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔk̚²⁴⁻² tʰɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tʰɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tʰɔ²³/

Middle Chinese: lak thuX

Rime
Character	樂	土
Reading #	3/3	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	唐 (103)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	盧各切	他魯切
Baxter	lak	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑk̚/	/tʰuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑk̚/	/tʰuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑk̚/	/tʰo^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lak̚/	/tʰɔ^X/
Li Rong	/lɑk̚/	/tʰo^X/
Wang Li	/lɑk̚/	/tʰu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/lɑk̚/	/tʰuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	luò	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lok⁶	tou²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤawk tʰˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*raːwɢ l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	樂	土
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lè	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ lak ›	‹ thu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁawk/	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	joy; enjoy	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	樂	土
Reading #	2/3	1/2
No.	7673	12499
Phonetic component	樂	土
Rime group	藥	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	落	土
Old Chinese	/*raːwɢ/	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Noun

樂土

land of happiness; paradise
- 逝將去女，適彼樂土。樂土樂土，爰得我所。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  逝将去女，适彼乐土。乐土乐土，爰得我所。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Shì jiāng qù rǔ, shì bǐ lètǔ. Lètǔ lètǔ, yuán dé wǒ suǒ. [Pinyin]
  We will leave you,
  And go to that happy land.
  Happy land! Happy land!
  There shall we find our place.

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