干る
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 干 |
| ひ Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 乾る |
Etymology
Originally an upper bigrade verb 干 (fu) in the Nara period.[1] It shifted into the upper monograde conjugation later on before the modern period.
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “When was it first attested using 上一段活用?”)
Verb
干る • (hiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 干 (hi), past 干た (hita))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 干す (干す) |
| mediopassive | 干る (干る) |
Conjugation
Conjugation of "干る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 干 | ひ | hi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 干 | ひ | hi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 干る | ひる | hiru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 干る | ひる | hiru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 干れ | ひれ | hire | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 干よ¹ 干ろ² |
ひよ¹ ひろ² |
hiyo¹ hiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 干られる | ひられる | hirareru | |
| Causative | 干させる 干さす |
ひさせる ひさす |
hisaseru hisasu | |
| Potential | 干られる 干れる³ |
ひられる ひれる³ |
hirareru hireru³ | |
| Volitional | 干よう | ひよう | hiyō | |
| Negative | 干ない 干ぬ 干ん |
ひない ひぬ ひん |
hinai hinu hin | |
| Negative continuative | 干ず | ひず | hizu | |
| Formal | 干ます | ひます | himasu | |
| Perfective | 干た | ひた | hita | |
| Conjunctive | 干て | ひて | hite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 干れば | ひれば | hireba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Classical conjugation of "干る" (ハ行上一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 干 | ひ | fi |
| Continuative (連用形) | 干 | ひ | fi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 干る | ひる | firu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 干る | ひる | firu |
| Realis (已然形) | 干れ | ひれ | fire |
| Imperative (命令形) | 干よ | ひよ | fiyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 干ず | ひず | fizu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 干れど | ひれど | firedo |
| Causal conjunction | 干れば | ひれば | fireba |
| Conditional conjunction | 干ば | ひば | fiba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 干き | ひき | fiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 干けり | ひけり | fikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 干つ | ひつ | fitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 干ぬ | ひぬ | finu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 干たり | ひたり | fitari |
| Volitional | 干む | ひむ | fimu |
References
- Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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