含む

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
含
ふく
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ふく​む [fùkúꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "含む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 含む ふく​む [fùkúꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 含め ふく​め [fùkúꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 含まれる ふくまれ​る [fùkúmáréꜜrù]
Causative 含ませる ふくませ​る [fùkúmáséꜜrù]
Potential - - -
Volitional 含もう ふくも​ー [fùkúmóꜜò]
Negative 含まない ふくま​ない [fùkúmáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 含まなかった ふくま​なかった [fùkúmáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 含みます ふくみま​す [fùkúmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 含んだ ふく​んだ [fùkúꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 含んで ふく​んで [fùkúꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 含めば ふく​めば [fùkúꜜmèbà]

Verb

含(ふく)む • (fukumu) transitive godan (stem 含(ふく)み (fukumi), past 含(ふく)んだ (fukunda))

Japanese verb pair
active 含(ふく)める (含(ふく)める)
mediopassive 含(ふく)む (含(ふく)む)
  1. include, contain
  2. imply
Conjugation
Conjugation of "含む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 含ま ふくま fukuma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 含み ふくみ fukumi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 含む ふくむ fukumu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 含む ふくむ fukumu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 含め ふくめ fukume
Meireikei ("imperative") 含め ふくめ fukume
Key constructions
Passive 含まれる ふくまれる fukumareru
Causative 含ませる
含ます		 ふくませる
ふくます		 fukumaseru
fukumasu
Potential 含める ふくめる fukumeru
Volitional 含もう ふくもう fukumō
Negative 含まない ふくまない fukumanai
Negative continuative 含まず ふくまず fukumazu
Formal 含みます ふくみます fukumimasu
Perfective 含んだ ふくんだ fukunda
Conjunctive 含んで ふくんで fukunde
Hypothetical conditional 含めば ふくめば fukumeba
Classical conjugation of "含む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 含まふくまfukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含みふくみfukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含むふくむfukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含むふくむfukumu
Realis (已然形) 含めふくめfukume
Imperative (命令形) 含めふくめfukume
Key constructions
Negative 含まずふくまずfukumazu
Contrasting conjunction 含めどふくめどfukumedo
Causal conjunction 含めばふくめばfukumeba
Conditional conjunction 含まばふくまばfukumaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 含みきふくみきfukumiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 含みけりふくみけりfukumikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 含みつふくみつfukumitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 含みぬふくみぬfukuminu
Perfect-continuative tense 含めり
含みたり		ふくめり
ふくみたり		fukumeri
fukumitari
Volitional 含まむふくまむfukumamu

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
含
くく
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
銜む

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) くく​む [kùkúꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[3]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

含(くく)む • (kukumu) transitive godan (stem 含(くく)み (kukumi), past 含(くく)んだ (kukunda))

  1. Synonym of 含む (fukumu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "含む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 含ま くくま kukuma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 含み くくみ kukumi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 含む くくむ kukumu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 含む くくむ kukumu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 含め くくめ kukume
Meireikei ("imperative") 含め くくめ kukume
Key constructions
Passive 含まれる くくまれる kukumareru
Causative 含ませる
含ます		 くくませる
くくます		 kukumaseru
kukumasu
Potential 含める くくめる kukumeru
Volitional 含もう くくもう kukumō
Negative 含まない くくまない kukumanai
Negative continuative 含まず くくまず kukumazu
Formal 含みます くくみます kukumimasu
Perfective 含んだ くくんだ kukunda
Conjunctive 含んで くくんで kukunde
Hypothetical conditional 含めば くくめば kukumeba
Classical conjugation of "含む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 含まくくまkukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含みくくみkukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含むくくむkukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含むくくむkukumu
Realis (已然形) 含めくくめkukume
Imperative (命令形) 含めくくめkukume
Key constructions
Negative 含まずくくまずkukumazu
Contrasting conjunction 含めどくくめどkukumedo
Causal conjunction 含めばくくめばkukumeba
Conditional conjunction 含まばくくまばkukumaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 含みきくくみきkukumiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 含みけりくくみけりkukumikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 含みつくくみつkukumitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 含みぬくくみぬkukuminu
Perfect-continuative tense 含めり
含みたり		くくめり
くくみたり		kukumeri
kukumitari
Volitional 含まむくくまむkukumamu

References
  1. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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