動く

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
動
うご
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1] From Proto-Japonic *unkoku.

Likely derived as a compound of うご (ugo, a 擬態語 (gitaigo, “mimetic word”) imitative of something crawling or creeping; compare the sound shapes of roots wrig- or wig- in English wriggle, wiggle) +‎ く (ku, verb-forming suffix).[1] Compare also the related adverb うごうご (ugougo, “wrigglingly, squirmlingly, creepingly: moving in continuous small increments”).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) うご​く [ùgóꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɯ̟ᵝɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "動く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 動く うご​く [ùgóꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 動け うご​け [ùgóꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 動かれる うごかれ​る [ùgókáréꜜrù]
Causative 動かせる うごかせ​る [ùgókáséꜜrù]
Potential 動ける うごけ​る [ùgókéꜜrù]
Volitional 動こう うごこ​ー [ùgókóꜜò]
Negative 動かない うごか​ない [ùgókáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 動かなかった うごか​なかった [ùgókáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 動きます うごきま​す [ùgókímáꜜsù]
Perfective 動いた うご​いた [ùgóꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 動いて うご​いて [ùgóꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 動けば うご​けば [ùgóꜜkèbà]

Verb

動(うご)く • (ugoku) intransitive godan (stem 動(うご)き (ugoki), past 動(うご)いた (ugoita))

Japanese verb pair
active 動かす
mediopassive 動く
  1. [from 712] to move
    1. to stir, shake, shift, swing
      動(うご)くな！国際警察(こくさいけいさつ)だ。
      Ugoku na! Kokusai keisatsu da.
      Interpol! Don't move!
      • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 10, poem 2176:
        , text here:
        秋田苅(あきたかる)、苫手(とまで)揺(うごく)奈利(なり)、白露志(しらつゆし)、置穂田無跡(おくほだなしと)、告尓来良思(つげにきぬらし)
        aki ta karu, tomade ugoku nari, shiratsuyu shi, oku hoda nashi to, tsuge ni kinu rashi
        The autumn-harvest rush-mat shelter moves [in the wind], as if [the wind] has come to tell us that there are no more fields full of ripe and dew-laden grain...
    2. (as of a machine or device) to operate, run, go, work
    3. (as of a person or group) to work, go into action
    4. (emotionally) to be moved, touched, influenced
    5. to change, vary, fluctuate, waver
Conjugation
Conjugation of "動く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 動か うごか ugoka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 動き うごき ugoki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 動く うごく ugoku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 動く うごく ugoku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 動け うごけ ugoke
Meireikei ("imperative") 動け うごけ ugoke
Key constructions
Passive 動かれる うごかれる ugokareru
Causative 動かせる
動かす		 うごかせる
うごかす		 ugokaseru
ugokasu
Potential 動ける うごける ugokeru
Volitional 動こう うごこう ugokō
Negative 動かない うごかない ugokanai
Negative continuative 動かず うごかず ugokazu
Formal 動きます うごきます ugokimasu
Perfective 動いた うごいた ugoita
Conjunctive 動いて うごいて ugoite
Hypothetical conditional 動けば うごけば ugokeba
Classical conjugation of "動く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 動かうごかugoka
Continuative (連用形) 動きうごきugoki
Terminal (終止形) 動くうごくugoku
Attributive (連体形) 動くうごくugoku
Realis (已然形) 動けうごけugoke
Imperative (命令形) 動けうごけugoke
Key constructions
Negative 動かずうごかずugokazu
Contrasting conjunction 動けどうごけどugokedo
Causal conjunction 動けばうごけばugokeba
Conditional conjunction 動かばうごかばugokaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 動ききうごききugokiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 動きけりうごきけりugokikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 動きつうごきつugokitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 動きぬうごきぬugokinu
Perfect-continuative tense 動けり
動きたり		うごけり
うごきたり		ugokeri
ugokitari
Volitional 動かむうごかむugokamu

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
動
いご
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Rare dialectal variation on ugoku above.[1][2]

Attested from the late Muromachi period (1336–1573).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [iɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

動(いご)く • (igoku) intransitive godan (stem 動(いご)き (igoki), past 動(いご)いた (igoita))

  1. [from late 1500s] (archaic, possibly obsolete) to move
Conjugation
Conjugation of "動く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 動か いごか igoka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 動き いごき igoki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 動く いごく igoku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 動く いごく igoku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 動け いごけ igoke
Meireikei ("imperative") 動け いごけ igoke
Key constructions
Passive 動かれる いごかれる igokareru
Causative 動かせる
動かす		 いごかせる
いごかす		 igokaseru
igokasu
Potential 動ける いごける igokeru
Volitional 動こう いごこう igokō
Negative 動かない いごかない igokanai
Negative continuative 動かず いごかず igokazu
Formal 動きます いごきます igokimasu
Perfective 動いた いごいた igoita
Conjunctive 動いて いごいて igoite
Hypothetical conditional 動けば いごけば igokeba
Classical conjugation of "動く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 動かいごかigoka
Continuative (連用形) 動きいごきigoki
Terminal (終止形) 動くいごくigoku
Attributive (連体形) 動くいごくigoku
Realis (已然形) 動けいごけigoke
Imperative (命令形) 動けいごけigoke
Key constructions
Negative 動かずいごかずigokazu
Contrasting conjunction 動けどいごけどigokedo
Causal conjunction 動けばいごけばigokeba
Conditional conjunction 動かばいごかばigokaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 動ききいごききigokiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 動きけりいごきけりigokikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 動きついごきつigokitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 動きぬいごきぬigokinu
Perfect-continuative tense 動けり
動きたり		いごけり
いごきたり		igokeri
igokitari
Volitional 動かむいごかむigokamu

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
動
おご
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Rare dialectal variation on ugoku above.[1]

Attested in a text from 1002.[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [o̞ɡo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

動(おご)く • (ogoku) intransitive godan (stem 動(おご)き (ogoki), past 動(おご)いた (ogoita))

  1. [from 1002] (obsolete) to move
Conjugation
Conjugation of "動く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 動か おごか ogoka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 動き おごき ogoki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 動く おごく ogoku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 動く おごく ogoku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 動け おごけ ogoke
Meireikei ("imperative") 動け おごけ ogoke
Key constructions
Passive 動かれる おごかれる ogokareru
Causative 動かせる
動かす		 おごかせる
おごかす		 ogokaseru
ogokasu
Potential 動ける おごける ogokeru
Volitional 動こう おごこう ogokō
Negative 動かない おごかない ogokanai
Negative continuative 動かず おごかず ogokazu
Formal 動きます おごきます ogokimasu
Perfective 動いた おごいた ogoita
Conjunctive 動いて おごいて ogoite
Hypothetical conditional 動けば おごけば ogokeba
Classical conjugation of "動く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 動かおごかogoka
Continuative (連用形) 動きおごきogoki
Terminal (終止形) 動くおごくogoku
Attributive (連体形) 動くおごくogoku
Realis (已然形) 動けおごけogoke
Imperative (命令形) 動けおごけogoke
Key constructions
Negative 動かずおごかずogokazu
Contrasting conjunction 動けどおごけどogokedo
Causal conjunction 動けばおごけばogokeba
Conditional conjunction 動かばおごかばogokaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 動ききおごききogokiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 動きけりおごきけりogokikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 動きつおごきつogokitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 動きぬおごきぬogokinu
Perfect-continuative tense 動けり
動きたり		おごけり
おごきたり		ogokeri
ogokitari
Volitional 動かむおごかむogokamu

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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