| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (劫波) |
劫 | 波 | |
| alternative forms | 劫簸 | ||
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 劫 | 波 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 嚴 (147) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 居怯切 | 博禾切 |
| Baxter | kjaep | pa |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kɨɐp̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kiɐp̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/kiɐp̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kɨap̚/ | /pwa/ |
| Li Rong |
/kiap̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Wang Li |
/kĭɐp̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ki̯ɐp̚/ | /puɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
jie | bō |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
gip3 | bo1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 劫 | 波 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
jié | bō |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ kjæp › | ‹ pa › |
| Old Chinese |
/*k(r)ap/ | /*pˁaj/ |
| English | rob | wave (n.) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 劫 | 劫 | 波 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6438 | 10694 | 9719 |
| Phonetic component |
劫 | 去 | 皮 |
| Rime group |
盍 | 盍 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
劫 | 劫 | 波 |
| Old Chinese |
/*kab/ | /*kab/ | /*paːl/ |
| Notes | 荀子從刀，又譯kalpa | 荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa | |
“劫簸” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].