凹む

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
凹
くぼ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Verb derived from noun 凹 / 窪 (kubo, “an indentation, a depression”) + verbalizing suffix ぶ (bu, “becoming like [noun]”),[1] with suffix ぶ (bu) mutating to む (mu) due to the preceding syllable ぼ (bo).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) くぼむ [kùbómú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝbo̞mɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

凹(くぼ)む • (kubomu) intransitive godan (stem 凹(くぼ)み (kubomi), past 凹(くぼ)んだ (kubonda))

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in
Usage notes

The transitive form is 凹める / 窪める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown in the table above.

The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternative spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ (see below).

Conjugation
Conjugation of "凹む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 凹ま くぼま kuboma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 凹み くぼみ kubomi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 凹む くぼむ kubomu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 凹む くぼむ kubomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 凹め くぼめ kubome
Meireikei ("imperative") 凹め くぼめ kubome
Key constructions
Passive 凹まれる くぼまれる kubomareru
Causative 凹ませる
凹ます		 くぼませる
くぼます		 kubomaseru
kubomasu
Potential 凹める くぼめる kubomeru
Volitional 凹もう くぼもう kubomō
Negative 凹まない くぼまない kubomanai
Negative continuative 凹まず くぼまず kubomazu
Formal 凹みます くぼみます kubomimasu
Perfective 凹んだ くぼんだ kubonda
Conjunctive 凹んで くぼんで kubonde
Hypothetical conditional 凹めば くぼめば kubomeba

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
凹
へこ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/herikomu/ → /hekomu/

Contraction of 減りこむ (herikomu), itself a compound of 減り (heri, “lessening, becoming less”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 減る heru, “to reduce, to become less”) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) へこむ [hèkómú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [he̞ko̞mɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "凹む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 凹む へこむ [hèkómú]
Imperative (命令形) 凹め へこめ [hèkómé]
Key constructions
Passive 凹まれる へこまれる [hèkómárérú]
Causative 凹ませる へこませる [hèkómásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 凹もう へこも​ー [hèkómóꜜò]
Negative 凹まない へこまない [hèkómánáí]
Negative perfective 凹まなかった へこまな​かった [hèkómánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 凹みます へこみま​す [hèkómímáꜜsù]
Perfective 凹んだ へこんだ [hèkóńdá]
Conjunctive 凹んで へこんで [hèkóńdé]
Hypothetical conditional 凹めば へこめ​ば [hèkóméꜜbà]

Verb

凹(へこ)む • (hekomu) intransitive godan (stem 凹(へこ)み (hekomi), past 凹(へこ)んだ (hekonda))

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in: see the kubomu reading above
  2. to decline below a certain point, to become less
  3. to be stuck to be at a loss: see 困る (komaru).
  4. to yield, to submit
  5. (informal) to be bummed out
    うまくできなくて凹(へこ)む
    umaku dekinakute hekomu
    to fail to do it well and get bummed out
Conjugation
Conjugation of "凹む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 凹ま へこま hekoma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 凹み へこみ hekomi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 凹む へこむ hekomu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 凹む へこむ hekomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 凹め へこめ hekome
Meireikei ("imperative") 凹め へこめ hekome
Key constructions
Passive 凹まれる へこまれる hekomareru
Causative 凹ませる
凹ます		 へこませる
へこます		 hekomaseru
hekomasu
Potential 凹める へこめる hekomeru
Volitional 凹もう へこもう hekomō
Negative 凹まない へこまない hekomanai
Negative continuative 凹まず へこまず hekomazu
Formal 凹みます へこみます hekomimasu
Perfective 凹んだ へこんだ hekonda
Conjunctive 凹んで へこんで hekonde
Hypothetical conditional 凹めば へこめば hekomeba

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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