凍る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
凍
こお
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
氷る

Etymology

From Old Japanese 凍る (koporu).

Likely cognate with other terms beginning with ko- and related to senses of hard, stiff, such as 凝る (koru, “to stiffen”), 凍ゆ (koyu, “to freeze, to become frozen”, classical) → modern 凍える (kogoeru), 強い (kowai, “hard, tough, stiff”).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "凍る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 凍る こおる [kòórú]
Imperative (命令形) 凍れ こおれ [kòóré]
Key constructions
Passive 凍られる こおられる [kòórárérú]
Causative 凍らせる こおらせる [kòórásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 凍ろう こおろ​ー [kòóróꜜò]
Negative 凍らない こおらない [kòóránáí]
Negative perfective 凍らなかった こおらな​かった [kòóránáꜜkàttà]
Formal 凍ります こおりま​す [kòórímáꜜsù]
Perfective 凍った こおった [kòóttá]
Conjunctive 凍って こおって [kòótté]
Hypothetical conditional 凍れば こおれ​ば [kòóréꜜbà]

Verb
Japanese verb pair
active 凍らす
mediopassive 凍る

凍(こお)る • (kōru) intransitive godan (stem 凍(こお)り (kōri), past 凍(こお)った (kōtta))

  1. to freeze
    水(みず)が凍(こお)っている
    mizu ga kōtteiru
    the water is frozen
  2. to be frozen over
  3. to congeal
  4. (Internet) to suspend an account (usually on Twitter)

Usage notes

凍える is often used for body parts (of living organisms) to freeze, while 凍る is often used for objects (e.g. water freezes).

Conjugation
Conjugation of "凍る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 凍ら こおら kōra
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 凍り こおり kōri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 凍る こおる kōru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 凍る こおる kōru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 凍れ こおれ kōre
Meireikei ("imperative") 凍れ こおれ kōre
Key constructions
Passive 凍られる こおられる kōrareru
Causative 凍らせる
凍らす		 こおらせる
こおらす		 kōraseru
kōrasu
Potential 凍れる こおれる kōreru
Volitional 凍ろう こおろう kōrō
Negative 凍らない こおらない kōranai
Negative continuative 凍らず こおらず kōrazu
Formal 凍ります こおります kōrimasu
Perfective 凍った こおった kōtta
Conjunctive 凍って こおって kōtte
Hypothetical conditional 凍れば こおれば kōreba

Derived terms

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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