凌晨

Chinese

		approach	morning; dawn; daybreak
trad. (凌晨/淩晨)		凌/淩	晨
simp. (凌晨)		凌	晨
Literally: “approaching the morning”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): língchén

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴ san⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lêng-sîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁵ sing⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: língchén
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: língchén
  - Wade–Giles: ling²-chʻên²
  - Yale: líng-chén
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingchern
  - Palladius: линчэнь (linčɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴ san⁴
  - Yale: lìhng sàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴ san⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴ sen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹ sɐn²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-sîn
  - Tâi-lô: lîng-sîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lengsiin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³⁻²² sin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³⁻³³ sin²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêng⁵ sing⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng sîng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: ling dzyin|zyin

Rime
Character	凌	晨	晨
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	常 (25)	船 (27)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)	眞 (43)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	力膺切	植鄰切	食鄰切
Baxter	ling	dzyin	zyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨŋ/	/d͡ʑiɪn/	/ʑiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨŋ/	/d͡ʑin/	/ʑin/
Shao Rongfen	/lieŋ/	/d͡ʑjen/	/ʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liŋ/	/d͡ʑin/	/ʑin/
Li Rong	/liəŋ/	/ʑiĕn/	/d͡ʑiĕn/
Wang Li	/lĭəŋ/	/ʑĭĕn/	/d͡ʑĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əŋ/	/ʑi̯ĕn/	/d͡ʑʰi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	chén	shén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴	san⁴	san⁴

Noun

凌晨

hours before dawn; early morning; small hours

Synonyms

一黑早 (i⁶ he⁶ zau³) (Xiang)
大清早 (dàqīngzǎo)
大清老早 (⁶du-chin-lau-tsau) (Shanghainese)
天光 (tiānguāng)
天拉朗 (Teochew)
天欲光 (Hokkien)
平明 (píngmíng) (literary)
拂曉／拂晓 (fúxiǎo)
拍殕仔光 (phah-phú-á-kng) (Taiwanese Hokkien)
拍殕光 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
拍殕光仔 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
早晨
早清 (zau² qing¹) (Jin)
晨明 (chénmíng) (literary)
清早 (qīngzǎo)
清早晨 (¹chin-tsau-zen) (Shanghainese)
清晨 (qīngchén)
老清老早 (⁶lau-chin-lau-tsau) (Shanghainese)
透早 (thàu-chá) (Hokkien)
麻亮兒／麻亮儿 (Xining Mandarin)
麻麻亮兒／麻麻亮儿 (Xining Mandarin)
黎明 (límíng)

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