償う

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
償
つぐな
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alteration of tsugunou below.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) つぐな​う [tsùgúnáꜜù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝɡɯ̟ᵝna̠ɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

償(つぐな)う • (tsugunau) ←つぐなふ (tugunafu)?transitive godan (stem 償(つぐな)い (tsugunai), past 償(つぐな)った (tsugunatta))

  1. to compensate, make up for
  2. to recompense, atone for
    • 1995 June 1 [1993 April 17], Yōzaburō Kanari with Satō, Fumiya, “File 1: Opera Zakan Satsujin Jiken Go [File 1: The Opera House Murder Case #5]”, in Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo [Young Kindaichi Case Files], 14th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 186:
      あ(・)の(・)二(ふた)人(り)そして早乙女(こいつ)は死(し)んで償(つぐな)うべきなんだ‼
      ANO futari soshite koitsu wa shinde tsugunaubeki nanda‼
      THOSE two and this bitch must die for their crime!!
Conjugation
Conjugation of "償う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 償わ つぐなわ tsugunawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 償い つぐない tsugunai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 償う つぐなう tsugunau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 償う つぐなう tsugunau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 償え つぐなえ tsugunae
Meireikei ("imperative") 償え つぐなえ tsugunae
Key constructions
Passive 償われる つぐなわれる tsugunawareru
Causative 償わせる
償わす		 つぐなわせる
つぐなわす		 tsugunawaseru
tsugunawasu
Potential 償える つぐなえる tsugunaeru
Volitional 償おう つぐなおう tsugunaō
Negative 償わない つぐなわない tsugunawanai
Negative continuative 償わず つぐなわず tsugunawazu
Formal 償います つぐないます tsugunaimasu
Perfective 償った つぐなった tsugunatta
Conjunctive 償って つぐなって tsugunatte
Hypothetical conditional 償えば つぐなえば tsugunaeba
Derived terms
  • 償(つぐな)い金(きん) (tsugunaikin)
  • 相(あい)償(つぐな)う (aitsugunau)
  • 功罪(こうざい)相(あい)償(つぐな)う (kōzai ai tsugunau)
  • 早(はや)池(ち)峰(ね)大(おお)償(つぐない)神楽(かぐら) (Hayachine Ōtsugunai Kagura)

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
償
つぐの
Grade: S
irregular

Verb

償(つぐの)う • (tsugunou) ←つぐのふ (tugunofu)?transitive godan (stem 償(つぐの)い (tsugunoi), past 償(つぐの)った (tsugunotta))

  1. (archaic, now nonstandard) Same as つぐなう (tsugunau) above
  2. (archaic, obsolete) to use, utilize
Derived terms
  • 償(つぐの)い金(きん) (tsugunoikin)

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
償
まど
Grade: S
irregular

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) まど​う [màdóꜜù] (Nakadaka – [2])[3]
  • IPA(key): [ma̠do̞ɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

償(まど)う • (madou) ←まどふ (madofu)?transitive godan (stem 償(まど)い (madoi), past 償(まど)った (madotta))

  1. (dialectal) to compensate

See also

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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