のむ

Japanese
Alternative spellings
飲む
呑む
喫む (uncommon)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *nəmu.

Cognates

In the Ryukyuan branch of Japonic, cognate with Kikai 飲みゅい (numyui), Kunigami 飲みん (numin), Miyako 飲むっ (num), Northern Amami-Oshima 飲むり (numuri), Okinawan 飲むん (numun), Oki-No-Erabu 飲みゅん (numyun), Southern Amami-Oshima 飲みゅむっ (numyum), Toku-No-Shima 飲み (numi), Yaeyama 飲むん (numun), Yonaguni 飲むん (numun), and Yoron 飲みゅん (numyun).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "飲む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 飲む の​む [nóꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 飲め の​め [nóꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 飲まれる のまれ​る [nòmáréꜜrù]
Causative 飲ませる のませ​る [nòmáséꜜrù]
Potential 飲める のめ​る [nòméꜜrù]
Volitional 飲もう のも​ー [nòmóꜜò]
Negative 飲まない のま​ない [nòmáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 飲まなかった のま​なかった [nòmáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 飲みます のみま​す [nòmímáꜜsù]
Perfective 飲んだ の​んだ [nóꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 飲んで の​んで [nóꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 飲めば の​めば [nóꜜmèbà]

Verb

のむ • (nomu) transitive godan (stem のみ (nomi), past のんだ (nonda))

  1. 飲む, 呑む:[note 1] to drink, to gulp, to swallow; to eat (soup)
    私(わたし)たちはさじでスープを飲(の)む。
    Watashitachi wa saji de sūpu o nomu.
    We eat soup with a spoon.
    私(わたし)はミルクを飲(の)んでいた。
    Watashi wa miruku o nondeita.
    I was drinking milk.
  2. 飲む, 喫む:[note 1] (smoking) to smoke tobacco
    Synonym: すう (suu, literally “to suck”)
  3. 飲む: to overwhelm, to engulf
  4. 飲む: to suppress, to keep down
  5. 飲む, 呑む: to take (medicine)
    薬(くすり)を飲(の)む
    kusuri o nomu
    to take medicine
  6. 飲む, 呑む: to accept something like a demand or a condition

Usage notes
  1. 飲 narrowly refers to drinking, while 呑 narrowly refers to swallowing. 喫 is usually restricted to smoking.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "のむ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") のま noma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") のみ nomi
Shūshikei ("terminal") のむ nomu
Rentaikei ("attributive") のむ nomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") のめ nome
Meireikei ("imperative") のめ nome
Key constructions
Passive のまれる nomareru
Causative のませる
のます		 nomaseru
nomasu
Potential のめる nomeru
Volitional のもう nomō
Negative のまない nomanai
Negative continuative のまず nomazu
Formal のみます nomimasu
Perfective のんだ nonda
Conjunctive のんで nonde
Hypothetical conditional のめば nomeba
Classical conjugation of "のむ" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) のまnoma
Continuative (連用形) のみnomi
Terminal (終止形) のむnomu
Attributive (連体形) のむnomu
Realis (已然形) のめnome
Imperative (命令形) のめnome
Key constructions
Negative のまずnomazu
Contrasting conjunction のめどnomedo
Causal conjunction のめばnomeba
Conditional conjunction のまばnomaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) のみきnomiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) のみけりnomikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) のみつnomitu
Perfect tense (natural event) のみぬnominu
Perfect-continuative tense のめり
のみたり		nomeri
nomitari
Volitional のまむnomamu

Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. “飲・呑”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
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