لغة

Arabic

Etymology

From the root ل غ و (l-ḡ-w). Related to Hebrew לוע / לֹעַ (lṓaʿ, “throat, pharynx, maw”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /lu.ɣa/
  • Audio(file)

Noun

لُغَة • (luḡa) f (plural لُغَات (luḡāt))

  1. language
    Synonym: لِسَان (lisān)
    هَلْ تَسْتَطِيعُ الحَديثَ بِغَيْرِ لُغَتِكَ الْأُمّ؟
    Can you speak another language besides your mother tongue?
  2. dialect, vernacular
    Synonym: لَهْجَة (lahja)
  3. jargon
  4. (linguistics) a variant
    • 1290, Ibn Manẓūr, “وي”, in لسان العرب [The Tongue of the Arabs]‎, فصل الحاء المهملة [The section of the undotted letter ح (ḥāʔ)], page 211:
      حَيِيَ حَياةً وَحَيَّ يَحْيَا وَيَحَيُّ فَهُوَ حَيٌّ، وَلِلْجَمِيعِ حَيُّوا، بِٱلتَّشْدِيدِ، قَالَ: وَلُغَةٌ أُخْرَى حَيَّ يَحَيُّ وَلِلْجَمِيعِ حَيُوا، خَفِيفَة.
      ḥayiya ḥayātan wa-ḥayya yaḥyā wa-yaḥayyu fa-huwa ḥayyun, wa-li-l-jamīʕi ḥayyū, bi-t-tašdīdi, qāla: wa-luḡatun ʔuḵrā ḥayya yaḥayyu wa-li-l-jamīʕi ḥayū, ḵafīfa.
      He lived a life, and he lived, he lives and he lives so he is alive, and in the plural they lived, with gemination; [it was] said: another variant is he lived, he lives, and in the plural they lived, [without gemination].
    • (Can we date this quote?), الفَرَّاء، أَبُو زَكَرِيَّا يَحْيَا بِن زِيَاد [al-farrāʔ, ʔabū zakariyyā yaḥyā bin ziyād, Al-Farrāʾ], edited by جَابِر بِن عَبْدِ اللهِ السُّرَيِّع [jābir bin ʕabdi llāhi s-surayyiʕ], كِتَابٌ فِيهِ لُغَاتُ القُرْآن (kitābun fīhi luḡātu al-qurʔān) [A book containing variant readings of the Qur'an], published 2014:
      وَفِي (نَسْتَعِينُ) لُغَتَانِ: قُرَيْشٌ وَكِنَانَةُ يَنْصِبُونَ النُّونَ، وَعَامَّةُ العَرَبِ مِن بَنِي قَيْسِ وَرَبِيعَةَ يَقُولُونَ: نِسْتَعِينُ...
      wa-fī (nastaʕīnu) luḡatāni: qurayšun wa-kinānatu yanṣibūna n-nūna, wa-ʕāmmatu l-ʕarabi min banī qaysi wa-rabīʕata yaqūlūna: nistaʕīnu...
      And there are two variants of نَسْتَعِينُ (nastaʕīnu): Quraysh and Kinanah pronounce it with na-, [whereas] the general Arab public of the tribes Tamim, Qays, and Rabīʿa say: nistaʿīnu...
  5. (with the definite article) Classical Arabic
  6. lexicography, lexicographic literature, lexicographers
    • a. 1050, مروان بن جناح [Marwān ibn Janāḥ], edited by Gerrit Bos, Fabian Käs, كتاب التلخيص [kitāb at-talḵīṣ] [On the Nomenclature of Medicinal Drugs], Leiden: Brill, published 2020, →DOI, →ISBN, 825 (fol. 70r,14–v,1), page 963:
      القبج بالفارسية هو الحجل عنه ومن كتاب أهرن وفي اللغة: القبج ذكر الحجل، قال الصنوبري
      يٰأخِي قُمْ فَقَدْ شَجَجْنا لَكَ الرَّاحَ … فَخُذْها مَشْجُوجَةً أيّ شَجّ
      قَطَعَ المَاءُ جِسْمَها قِطَعًا لَمْ … تَغْذِ أَمْثالَها مَناقِيرُ قَبْج
      Al-qabj is Persian for partridge ibidem [in ar-Rāzī’s Ḥāwī]. From ʾAhrun’s book and the lexicographers: It is the male partridge. Aṣ-Ṣanawbarīy said:
      O brother, get up! We have mixed wine for you.
      Take it in a mixed state in whichever fashion!
      The water has stripped down its substance into bits,
      of size smaller than chukar beaks eat.

Declension
Declension of noun لُغَة (luḡa)
Singular singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal لُغَة
luḡa		 اللُّغَة
al-luḡa		 لُغَة
luḡat
Nominative لُغَةٌ
luḡatun		 اللُّغَةُ
al-luḡatu		 لُغَةُ
luḡatu
Accusative لُغَةً
luḡatan		 اللُّغَةَ
al-luḡata		 لُغَةَ
luḡata
Genitive لُغَةٍ
luḡatin		 اللُّغَةِ
al-luḡati		 لُغَةِ
luḡati
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal لُغَتَيْن
luḡatayn		 اللُّغَتَيْن
al-luḡatayn		 لُغَتَيْ
luḡatay
Nominative لُغَتَانِ
luḡatāni		 اللُّغَتَانِ
al-luḡatāni		 لُغَتَا
luḡatā
Accusative لُغَتَيْنِ
luḡatayni		 اللُّغَتَيْنِ
al-luḡatayni		 لُغَتَيْ
luḡatay
Genitive لُغَتَيْنِ
luḡatayni		 اللُّغَتَيْنِ
al-luḡatayni		 لُغَتَيْ
luḡatay
Plural sound feminine plural
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal لُغَات
luḡāt		 اللُّغَات
al-luḡāt		 لُغَات
luḡāt
Nominative لُغَاتٌ
luḡātun		 اللُّغَاتُ
al-luḡātu		 لُغَاتُ
luḡātu
Accusative لُغَاتٍ
luḡātin		 اللُّغَاتِ
al-luḡāti		 لُغَاتِ
luḡāti
Genitive لُغَاتٍ
luḡātin		 اللُّغَاتِ
al-luḡāti		 لُغَاتِ
luḡāti

Derived terms
  • لُغَة أَجْنَبِيَّة (luḡa ʔajnabiyya, “foreign language”)
  • لُغَة عَامِّيَّة (luḡa ʕāmmiyya, “popular language”)
  • لُغَة الْمُحَادَة (luḡat al-muḥāda, “colloquial language”)
  • لُغَة الْمِحْنَة (luḡat al-miḥna, “professional jargon, slang”)
  • لُغَة الْمَوْلِد (luḡat al-mawlid, “mother tongue”)
  • أَهْل اللُّغَة (ʔahl al-luḡa, “philologists, lexicographers”)
  • عِلْم اللُّغَة (ʕilm al-luḡa, “lexicography, philology, linguistics”)
  • لُغَوِيّ (luḡawiyy, “linguistic, philological, lexicographical”)
  • لَغَا (laḡā)
  • لَغِيَ (laḡiya)
  • أَلْغَى (ʔalḡā)
  • لَغْوَة (laḡwa, “dialect, idiom, vernacular”)

Descendants
  • Gulf Arabic: لغة (luḡa)
  • → Azerbaijani: lüğət
  • → Malay: loghat (“dialect”)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: لغت (lüğat)
  • → Persian: لغت (loğat)
  • → Sindhi: لغت
  • → Somali: luuqada
  • → Swahili: lugha
  • → Tajik: луғат (luġat)
  • → Urdu: لغت (luġat, “dictionary”)
  • → Uyghur: لۇغەت (lughet)
  • → Uzbek: lug'at

References
  • Wehr, Hans (1979) “لغو”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

South Levantine Arabic
Root
ل غ و
2 terms

Etymology

From Arabic لُغَة (luḡa).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /lu.ɣa/, [ˈlʊ.ɣa]
  • Audio (Ramallah)(file)

Noun

لغة • (luḡa) f (plural لغات (luḡāt))

  1. language
    لغة أجنبية ― luḡa ʔajnabiyye ― foreign language
    اللغة الأم ― il-luḡa il-ʔumm ― native language, mother tongue
    Audio (Ramallah)(file)

See also
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