شاه

See also: شاہ, ساہ, and شاة

Arabic

Root
ش و ه (š-w-h)

Verb

شَاهَ • (šāha) I, non-past يَشُوهُ‎ (yašūhu)

to be or become ugly, misshapen

Conjugation

Conjugation of

شَاهَ

(form-I hollow, verbal noun شَوْه)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					شَوْه šawh
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					شَائِه šāʔih
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	شُهْتُ šuhtu	شُهْتَ šuhta	شَاهَ šāha	شُهْتُمَا šuhtumā	شَاهَا šāhā	شُهْنَا šuhnā	شُهْتُمْ šuhtum	شَاهُوا šāhū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	شُهْتُ šuhtu	شُهْتِ šuhti	شَاهَتْ šāhat	شُهْتُمَا šuhtumā	شَاهَتَا šāhatā	شُهْنَا šuhnā	شُهْتُنَّ šuhtunna	شُهْنَ šuhna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَشُوهُ ʔašūhu	تَشُوهُ tašūhu	يَشُوهُ yašūhu	تَشُوهَانِ tašūhāni	يَشُوهَانِ yašūhāni	نَشُوهُ našūhu	تَشُوهُونَ tašūhūna	يَشُوهُونَ yašūhūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَشُوهُ ʔašūhu	تَشُوهِينَ tašūhīna	تَشُوهُ tašūhu	تَشُوهَانِ tašūhāni	تَشُوهَانِ tašūhāni	نَشُوهُ našūhu	تَشُهْنَ tašuhna	يَشُهْنَ yašuhna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَشُوهَ ʔašūha	تَشُوهَ tašūha	يَشُوهَ yašūha	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	يَشُوهَا yašūhā	نَشُوهَ našūha	تَشُوهُوا tašūhū	يَشُوهُوا yašūhū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَشُوهَ ʔašūha	تَشُوهِي tašūhī	تَشُوهَ tašūha	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	نَشُوهَ našūha	تَشُهْنَ tašuhna	يَشُهْنَ yašuhna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَشُهْ ʔašuh	تَشُهْ tašuh	يَشُهْ yašuh	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	يَشُوهَا yašūhā	نَشُهْ našuh	تَشُوهُوا tašūhū	يَشُوهُوا yašūhū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَشُهْ ʔašuh	تَشُوهِي tašūhī	تَشُهْ tašuh	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	تَشُوهَا tašūhā	نَشُهْ našuh	تَشُهْنَ tašuhna	يَشُهْنَ yašuhna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		شُهْ šuh		شُوهَا šūhā			شُوهُوا šūhū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		شُوهِي šūhī		شُوهَا šūhā			شُهْنَ šuhna

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian (šāh).

Noun

شَاه • (šāh) m

shah
(chess) king
شاه مات (šāh māt) — checkmate

Declension

Declension of noun شَاه (šāh)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	شَاه šāh	الشَّاه aš-šāh	شَاه šāh
Nominative	شَاهٌ šāhun	الشَّاهُ aš-šāhu	شَاهُ šāhu
Accusative	شَاهًا šāhan	الشَّاهَ aš-šāha	شَاهَ šāha
Genitive	شَاهٍ šāhin	الشَّاهِ aš-šāhi	شَاهِ šāhi

Synonyms

ملك (in chess)

Derived terms

شَاهَة (šāha)

Descendants

→ Basque: xake
→ Czech: šach
→ Galician: xaque
→ Portuguese: xeque, xaque
→ Slovak: šach
→ Slovene: šah
→ Spanish: jaque
→ Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
- Italian: scacco
- Old French: eschec
  - French: échec
    - → Catalan: xec
  - → Middle Dutch: scaec
    - Dutch: schaak
    - → Danish: skak
  - → Middle English: chek, chekke
    - English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)
  - → Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
    - English: chess
    - Scots: chess
- → Middle High German: schāch
  - German: Schach (see there for further descendants)
- → Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
- ⇒ Medieval Latin: scaccarium (see there for further descendants)

Khalaj

Noun

شاه (şâh) (definite accusative شاهؽ, plural شاهلار)

Arabic spelling of şâh (“shah”)

Declension

Declension of شاه

	singular	plural
nominative	شاه	شاهلار
genitive	شاهؽݧ	شاهلارؽݧ
dative	شاهقا	شاهلارقا
definite accusative	شاهؽ	شاهلارؽ
locative	شاهچا	شاهلارچا
ablative	شاهدا	شاهلاردا
instrumental	شاهلا	شاهلارلا
equative	شاهوارا	شاهلاروارا

Persian

Alternative forms

شه (šah)

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /⁠šāh⁠/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /⁠xšāyaθiya⁠/, “king”), from Proto-Iranian *xšáyati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”) (whence Sanskrit क्षयति (kṣáyati)), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʃɑːh]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃɑːʱ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʃɑː]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʃɔː]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃɒːʱ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʃɔʱ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	šāh
Dari reading^?	šāh
Iranian reading^?	šâh
Tajik reading^?	šoh

Audio (Iran) (file)

Noun


Iranian Persian	شاه
Dari	شاه
Tajik	шоҳ

شاه • (šâh) (plural شاهان (šâhân))

king; shah
(chess) king
(in compounds) Something that is the biggest or the best of its kind.
(archaic) bridegroom, son-in-law, or brother-in-law
- 10^th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
  مگر شاه را نزد ماه آوریم / به نزدیک او پایگاه آوریم
  magar šâh râ nazd-e mâh âvarim / be nazdik-e 'u pâygâh âvarim
  [... We shall not give up] unless we bring the groom (Zāl) before the Moon (metaphor: Rudāba), / and settle him by her side.
Synonym: شاه‌داماد (šâh-dâmâd)

Derived terms

شاه مات (šâh mât)
شاهدخت (šâh-doxt)
شاهدزد (šâhdozd)
شاهراه (šâhrâh)
شاهرود (šâhrud)
شاهرگ (šâh-rag)
شاهزاده (šâh-zâde)
شاهسپرم (šâhasparam)
شاهنامه (šâh-nâme)
شاهنشاه (šâhanšâh)
شاهکار (šâh-kâr)
شاه‌توت (šâh-tut)
شاه‌داماد (šâh-dâmâd)
شاه‌دانه (šâh-dâne)
شاه‌طوطی (šâh-tuti)

Descendants

→ Arabic: شَاه (šāh)
- → Basque: xake
- → Czech: šach
- → Galician: xaque
- → Portuguese: xeque, xaque
- → Slovak: šach
- → Slovene: šah
- → Spanish: jaque
- → Vulgar Latin: *scaccus
  - Italian: scacco
  - Old French: eschec
    - French: échec
      - → Catalan: xec
    - → Middle Dutch: scaec
      - Dutch: schaak
      - → Danish: skak
    - → Middle English: chek, chekke
      - English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)
    - → Middle English: ches, chees, chesse, echesse, esches (via the plural eschés)
      - English: chess
      - Scots: chess
  - → Middle High German: schāch
    - German: Schach (see there for further descendants)
  - → Saterland Frisian: Schak, Schach
  - ⇒ Medieval Latin: scaccarium (see there for further descendants)
→ Azerbaijani: şah
→ Bashkir: шаһ (şah)
→ Belarusian: шах (šax)
→ Bengali: শাহ (śah)
→ Bulgarian: шах (šah)
→ Catalan: xa
→ Chinese: 沙阿 (shā'ā), 沙赫 (shāhè)
→ Danish: shah
→ Dutch: sjah
→ English: shah
→ Estonian: šahh
→ Finnish: šakki, shakki, sakki
→ French: schah, chah, shah
→ Georgian: შაჰი (šahi)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: शाह (śāh)

Urdu: شاہ (šāh)
→ Hungarian: sakk
→ Irish: seá
→ Italian: scià
→ Japanese: シャー (shā)
→ Kazakh: шаһ (şah)
→ Khalaj: şâh
→ Korean: 샤 (sya)
→ Kumyk: шагь (şah)
→ Kyrgyz: шах (şah)
→ Latvian: šahs
→ Lezgi: шагь (šah)
→ Lithuanian: šachas
→ Macedonian: шах (šah)
→ Malay: syah
→ Mongolian: шах (šax)
→ Middle Armenian: շահ (šah)
- Armenian: շահ (šah)
→ Norwegian: sjah
→ Old Norse: skák
- Faroese: skák
- Icelandic: skák
- Norwegian Bokmål: sjakk
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sjakk
→ Ottoman Turkish: شاه (shâh)
- Turkish: şah
- → Albanian: shah
- → Hungarian: sah
- → Romanian: șah
→ Pashto: شاه (šāh)
→ Polish: szach
→ Portuguese: xá
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਸ਼ਾਹ (śāh)

Shahmukhi script: شاہ (šāh)
→ Russian: шах (šax)
- → Armenian: շախ (šax)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шах

Latin script: šah
→ Spanish: sah
→ Swedish: shah
→ Tatar: шаһ (şah)
→ Turkish: şah
→ Turkmen: şah
→ Ukrainian: шах (šax)
→ Uyghur: شاھ (shah)
→ Uzbek: shoh
→ Vietnamese: sa
→ Zazaki: şağ

Chess pieces in Arabic · (layout · text)

شَاه (šāh)	وَزِير (wazīr)	رُخّ (ruḵḵ)	فِيل (fīl)	حِصَان (ḥiṣān)	بَيْدَق (baydaq) – جُنْدِيّ (jundiyy)

Chess pieces in Persian · مهره‌های شطرنج (mohre-hâye šatranj) (layout · text)

شاه (šâh)	وزیر (vazir)	رخ (rox), قلعه (qal'e)	فیل (fil)	اسب (asb)	پیاده (piyâde), سرباز (sarbâz)