خوش

See also: خوس, جوش, and حوش

Arabic

Verb

خَوَّشَ • (ḵawwaša) II, non-past يُخَوِّشُ‎ (yuḵawwišu)

  1. to countersink
  2. to ream

Conjugation
Conjugation of
خَوَّشَ
(form-II sound)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
taḵwīš
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
مُخَوِّش

muḵawwiš
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
مُخَوَّش

muḵawwaš
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد		 dual
الْمُثَنَّى		 plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب		 1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي		 m
ḵawwaštu
ḵawwašta
ḵawwaša
خَوَّشْتُمَا

ḵawwaštumā
خَوَّشَا

ḵawwašā
ḵawwašnā
ḵawwaštum
ḵawwašū
f
ḵawwašti
ḵawwašat
خَوَّشَتَا

ḵawwašatā
ḵawwaštunna
ḵawwašna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع		 m
ʔuḵawwišu
tuḵawwišu
yuḵawwišu
تُخَوِّشَانِ

tuḵawwišāni
يُخَوِّشَانِ

yuḵawwišāni
nuḵawwišu
tuḵawwišūna
yuḵawwišūna
f
tuḵawwišīna
tuḵawwišu
تُخَوِّشَانِ

tuḵawwišāni
tuḵawwišna
yuḵawwišna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب		 m
ʔuḵawwiša
tuḵawwiša
yuḵawwiša
تُخَوِّشَا

tuḵawwišā
يُخَوِّشَا

yuḵawwišā
nuḵawwiša
tuḵawwišū
yuḵawwišū
f
tuḵawwišī
tuḵawwiša
تُخَوِّشَا

tuḵawwišā
tuḵawwišna
yuḵawwišna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم		 m
ʔuḵawwiš
tuḵawwiš
yuḵawwiš
تُخَوِّشَا

tuḵawwišā
يُخَوِّشَا

yuḵawwišā
nuḵawwiš
tuḵawwišū
yuḵawwišū
f
tuḵawwišī
tuḵawwiš
تُخَوِّشَا

tuḵawwišā
tuḵawwišna
yuḵawwišna
imperative
الْأَمْر		 m
ḵawwiš
خَوِّشَا

ḵawwišā
ḵawwišū
f
ḵawwišī
ḵawwišna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد		 dual
الْمُثَنَّى		 plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب		 1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم		 2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب		 3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي		 m
ḵuwwištu
ḵuwwišta
ḵuwwiša
خُوِّشْتُمَا

ḵuwwištumā
خُوِّشَا

ḵuwwišā
ḵuwwišnā
ḵuwwištum
ḵuwwišū
f
ḵuwwišti
ḵuwwišat
خُوِّشَتَا

ḵuwwišatā
ḵuwwištunna
ḵuwwišna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع		 m
ʔuḵawwašu
tuḵawwašu
yuḵawwašu
تُخَوَّشَانِ

tuḵawwašāni
يُخَوَّشَانِ

yuḵawwašāni
nuḵawwašu
tuḵawwašūna
yuḵawwašūna
f
tuḵawwašīna
tuḵawwašu
تُخَوَّشَانِ

tuḵawwašāni
tuḵawwašna
yuḵawwašna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب		 m
ʔuḵawwaša
tuḵawwaša
yuḵawwaša
تُخَوَّشَا

tuḵawwašā
يُخَوَّشَا

yuḵawwašā
nuḵawwaša
tuḵawwašū
yuḵawwašū
f
tuḵawwašī
tuḵawwaša
تُخَوَّشَا

tuḵawwašā
tuḵawwašna
yuḵawwašna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم		 m
ʔuḵawwaš
tuḵawwaš
yuḵawwaš
تُخَوَّشَا

tuḵawwašā
يُخَوَّشَا

yuḵawwašā
nuḵawwaš
tuḵawwašū
yuḵawwašū
f
tuḵawwašī
tuḵawwaš
تُخَوَّشَا

tuḵawwašā
tuḵawwašna
yuḵawwašna

Gulf Arabic

Etymology

From Persian خوش (xoš).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /χoːʃ/

Adjective

خوش • (ḵōš)

  1. (with a following noun) good, nice, pleasant.
    اهي خوش زوجة.
    ihya ḵōš zōja
    She’s a good wife.

Usage notes
  • This is a prepositive adjective, and thus must come before the noun it modifies.

Interjection

خوش • (ḵōš)

  1. nice, good, OK, alright, awesome.
    - بنروح المخيم باچر
    - خوش!
    - We wanna go camping tomorrow.
    - Awesome!

Iraqi Arabic

Etymology

From Persian خوش (xoš).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /χoːʃ/

Adjective

خوش (ḵōš) m or f

  1. (with a following noun) good; someone or something good
    هايه خوش سيارة
    hāya ḵōš sayyāra
    This is a good car.

Interjection

خوش (ḵōš)

  1. nice, good, OK, alright, awesome.

Usage notes
  • This is a prepositive adjective, and thus must come before the noun it modifies.

Synonyms

North Mesopotamian Arabic

Etymology

From Persian خوش (xoš).

Adjective

خوش (ḵōš) m or f

  1. (with a following noun) good; someone or something good
    هذي خوش سيارة
    haðiːḵōš səj.jɑː.rə
    This is a good car.

Usage notes
  • The sense is adjectival, but the construction is like that of a noun or pronoun.

Synonyms

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (xwš /⁠xʷaš⁠/, “pleasant, sweet, nice”), Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫟𐫇𐫢 (xwš /⁠xʷaš⁠/, “pleasant, good”), from Proto-Iranian. Cognate with Parthian 𐫇𐫟𐫢 (wxš /⁠wxaš⁠/, “pleasant, sweet”), Northern Kurdish xweş, Zazaki weş, Gurani [script needed] (wäš), Baluchi وش (waš(š)) and possibly Khotanese khaṣṣa- (“pleasant”). Doublet of وش (vaš).

The reconstruction of the Proto-Iranian form and its further relations are uncertain. Perhaps Proto-Iranian *hwarša-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swarćša-, from Proto-Indo-European *swelḱs (“taste (sweet)”), and cognate with Jassic horz and Old Armenian քաղցր (kʻałcʻr).[1][2] An older proposal explains as Proto-Iranian *hw-aši-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsu-Hákši (“provided with beautiful sight, beautiful to the eye, or with a kind eye”, literally “good-eye”).[3][4][5]

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [xʊʃ], [xoːʃ]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [xʊʃ], [xoːʃ]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [xuʃ], [xʊːʃ]

Readings
Classical reading? xwaš
Dari reading? xuš, xōš
Iranian reading? xoš
Tajik reading? xuš

Adjective
Dari خوش
Iranian Persian
Tajik хуш

خوش • (xoš) (comparative خوش‌تَر (xoš-tar), superlative خوش‌تَرین (xoš-tarin))

  1. happy
  2. pleasant

Inflection
    Predicative forms of خوش (xoš)
singular plural
1st person
(“I am, we are”)		 خوشم
(xošam)		 خوشیم
(xošim)
2nd person
(“you are”)		 خوشی
(xoši)		 خوشید
(xošid)
خوشین △
(xošin)
3rd person
(“he/she/it is, they are”)		 خوش است
(xoš ast)
خوشه △
(xoše)		 خوشند
(xošand)
خوشن △
(xošan)
△ Colloquial.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • → Armenian: խոշ (xoš)
  • → Azerbaijani: xoş
  • → Gulf Arabic: خوش (ḵōš)
  • → Bengali: খোশ (khōś)
  • → Hindustani:
    Hindi: ख़ुश (xuś)
    Urdu: خوش (xuś)
  • → Kazakh: хош (xoş), қош (qoş)
  • → North Mesopotamian Arabic: خوش (ḵōš)
  • → Punjabi: ਖੁਸ਼ (khuś), خُوش (xūś)
  • → Saraiki: خُوش (xūś)
  • → Turkish: hoş
  • → Uyghur: خۇش (xush)

References
  1. Gert, Klingenschmitt (2000) “Mittelpersisch”, in Bernhard Forssman, Robert Plath, editors, Indoarisch, Iranisch und die Indogermanistik: Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 2. bis 5. Oktober 1997 in Erlangen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, page 204
  2. Korn, Agnes (2005) Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi: Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 26)‎, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 132
  3. Müller, Friedrich (1891) “Bemerkungen über awestische, pahlawi und neupersische Etymologien”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎ (in German), volume 5, page 352 of 348–356
  4. Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 113, page 508
  5. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 415

Further reading

Saraiki

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خوش (xʷuš, xʷaš).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /xʊʃ/

Adjective

خوش (xoś) (Devanagari ख़ुश)

  1. happy

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خوش (xʷuš, xʷaš).

Pronunciation

Adjective

خوش • (xuś) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling ख़ुश)

  1. happy
  2. content

Descendants

Further reading
  • “خوش”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • “خوش”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
  • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خوش”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.

Uyghur

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /xoʃ/, /xɔʃ/.

Interjection

خوش • (xosh)

  1. goodbye
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