πλήν

See also: πλην

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

πλᾱ́ν (plā́n) — Doric

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to approach”). Cognate with πέλας (pélas), πλησίος (plēsíos), ἔμπλην (émplēn, “near, close by”) and many more in root page.

Compare the meaning and history of English besides.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /plɛ̌ːn/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ple̝n/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /plin/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /plin/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /plin/

Preposition

πλήν • (plḗn) (governs the genitive)

except, save, besides
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.207
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 74
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 914
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 909
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.71
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.54
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 469C
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.27

Conjunction

πλήν • (plḗn)

except, save
1. (with single words and phrases, especially when a negative precedes)
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1238
  - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1161
  - 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 752
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 414
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 125
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 646
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 737
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 529A
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 299
  - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panathenaicus 19
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1053
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 118
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 100
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 125
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 236
  - 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 106
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.1
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 334B
  - 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 231
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Minos 318E
  - 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 179
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 3.5
2. (often joined with other particles)
  1. (with εἰ (ei))
    1. (followed by a verb)
      - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 18D
      - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 177D
      - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 18
      - 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic 39
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 260
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 293
      - 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 7.3.8
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 554B.2
    2. (with a verb omitted)
      - 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 601
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 4.2.21
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 286D
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 323B.26
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On the Soul 406B
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 43A.39
      - 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants 1.10.6
      - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.74
      - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Soloecista 7
  2. (with ἤ (ḗ))
    - 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 361
    - 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 532
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.111
    - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 42A
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 981A.18
  3. (with οὐ (ou)) only not
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 1.18
    - 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 45
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Dionysodorus 23
  4. (with ὅτι (hóti)) except that, save that
    - 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1429
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.189
    - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183A
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57B
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pelopidas 4
  5. (with ὅσον (hóson)) except or save so far as
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.32
    - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 1.23
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 456A
    - 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 72.19
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.88
    1. (without a verb expressed) save so far as
      - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1509
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.23
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 670A
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 856D
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1124B.30
3. (introducing a clause)
  - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 5
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 41
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.20
  - 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.18.2
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.32
  - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1643
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.70
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 328E
  1. (to break off and pass to another subject) only
    - 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.69.14
    - 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 2.17.1
    - 53 CE – 55 CE, Paul the Apostle, First Epistle to the Corinthians 11:11
    - 200 BCE – 100 BCE, Diogenes of Oenoanda, Oenoandan Inscription 8
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pericles 34
    - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pyrrhus 5
    - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Prometheus 20
    - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 13.3
    - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead 20.4
    - 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, A Professor of Public Speaking 24
  2. (late prose)
    - 170 CE – 240 CE, Herodian, History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus 3.4.1
    - 200 CE – 400 CE, Heliodorus of Emesa, Aethiopica 6.7

Derived terms

ἔμπλην (émplēn)

Descendants

Greek: πλην (plin)

References

“πλήν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“πλήν”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“πλήν”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
πλήν in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
πλήν in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
G4133 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- beside idem, page 75.
- beyond idem, page 77.
- but idem, page 107.
- except idem, page 288.
- failing idem, page 301.
- outside idem, page 583.
- save idem, page 735.
- short idem, page 768.
- without idem, page 984.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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