καλός

See also: κάλος, κάλως, and καλώς

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

κᾱ́λος (kā́los) — Aeolic
καλϝός (kalwós) — Boeotian

Etymology

From earlier καλϝός (kalwós), from Proto-Indo-European *kal-wo-s, form of *kal- (“beautiful”).

Cognate to Sanskrit कल्य (kalya), Sanskrit कल्याण (kalyā́ṇa), Albanian kolmë.

Pronunciation

In most cases:

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ka.lós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/

In epic poetry and in some other cases:

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kaː.lós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/

Adjective

καλός • (kalós) m (feminine καλή, neuter καλόν); first/second declension

Usage notes

In epic and early iambic poetry, this word almost always has a long (heavy) first syllable. This was originally a consequence of the digamma — καλϝός (kalwós) — which resulted in a syllable ending in a consonant: /kal.ˈwos/. But, once the digamma was lost, the heavy syllable was reanalyzed as being the consequence of a long vowel in the first syllable: κᾱλός (kālós).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.96–97:
ὣς εἰποῦσ’ ὑπὸ ποσσὶν ἐδήσατο κᾱλὰ [= καλϝά] πέδῑλα,
ἀμβρόσια χρῡ́σεια,
hṑs eipoûs’ hupò possìn edḗsato kālà [= kalwá] pédīla,
ambrósia khrū́seia,
So saying, she tied beautiful immortal golden sandals under her feet,

In lyric poetry and tragedy, the α is short; in elegiac, epigrammatic, and bucolic poets it is variable.

Inflection

First and second declension of κᾰλός; κᾰλή; κᾰλόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	κᾰλός kalós	κᾰλή kalḗ	κᾰλόν kalón	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλᾱ́ kalā́	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλοί kaloí	κᾰλαί kalaí	κᾰλᾰ́ kalá
Genitive	κᾰλοῦ kaloû	κᾰλῆς kalês	κᾰλοῦ kaloû	κᾰλοῖν kaloîn	κᾰλαῖν kalaîn	κᾰλοῖν kaloîn	κᾰλῶν kalôn	κᾰλῶν kalôn	κᾰλῶν kalôn
Dative	κᾰλῷ kalôi	κᾰλῇ kalêi	κᾰλῷ kalôi	κᾰλοῖν kaloîn	κᾰλαῖν kalaîn	κᾰλοῖν kaloîn	κᾰλοῖς kaloîs	κᾰλαῖς kalaîs	κᾰλοῖς kaloîs
Accusative	κᾰλόν kalón	κᾰλήν kalḗn	κᾰλόν kalón	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλᾱ́ kalā́	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλούς kaloús	κᾰλᾱ́ς kalā́s	κᾰλᾰ́ kalá
Vocative	κᾰλέ kalé	κᾰλή kalḗ	κᾰλόν kalón	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλᾱ́ kalā́	κᾰλώ kalṓ	κᾰλοί kaloí	κᾰλαί kalaí	κᾰλᾰ́ kalá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	κᾰλῶς kalôs			καλλίων kallíōn			κάλλιστος kállistos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of κᾱλός; κᾱλή; κᾱλόν (Epic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	κᾱλός kālós	κᾱλή kālḗ	κᾱλόν kālón	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλᾱ́ kālā́	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλοί kāloí	κᾱλαί kālaí	κᾱλᾰ́ kālá
Genitive	κᾱλοῦ / κᾱλοῖο / κᾱλόο kāloû / kāloîo / kālóo	κᾱλῆς kālês	κᾱλοῦ / κᾱλοῖο / κᾱλόο kāloû / kāloîo / kālóo	κᾱλοῖῐν kāloîin	κᾱλαῖν / κᾱλαῖῐν / κᾱλῇῐν kālaî(i)n / kālêiin	κᾱλοῖῐν kāloîin	κᾱλῶν kālôn	κᾱλᾱ́ων / κᾱλέ͜ων / κᾱλῶν kālā́ōn / kālé͜ōn / kālôn	κᾱλῶν kālôn
Dative	κᾱλῷ kālôi	κᾱλῇ kālêi	κᾱλῷ kālôi	κᾱλοῖῐν kāloîin	κᾱλαῖν / κᾱλαῖῐν / κᾱλῇῐν kālaî(i)n / kālêiin	κᾱλοῖῐν kāloîin	κᾱλοῖσῐ / κᾱλοῖσῐν / κᾱλοῖς kāloîsi(n) / kāloîs	κᾱλῇσῐ / κᾱλῇσῐν / κᾱλῇς / κᾱλαῖς kālêisi(n) / kālêis / kālaîs	κᾱλοῖσῐ / κᾱλοῖσῐν / κᾱλοῖς kāloîsi(n) / kāloîs
Accusative	κᾱλόν kālón	κᾱλήν kālḗn	κᾱλόν kālón	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλᾱ́ kālā́	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλούς kāloús	κᾱλᾱ́ς kālā́s	κᾱλᾰ́ kālá
Vocative	κᾱλέ kālé	κᾱλή kālḗ	κᾱλόν kālón	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλᾱ́ kālā́	κᾱλώ kālṓ	κᾱλοί kāloí	κᾱλαί kālaí	κᾱλᾰ́ kālá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	κᾱλῶς kālôs			καλλίων kallíōn			κάλλιστος kállistos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

καλόπους (kalópous, “having beautiful feet”)

Related terms

κάλλος (kállos)

Descendants

Greek: καλός (kalós, “good”)
Arabic: قالون (“Qālūn”)

References

“καλός, ή, όν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“καλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“καλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
καλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
καλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“καλός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2570 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
καλός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- admirable idem, page 12.
- artistic idem, page 42.
- auspicious idem, page 53.
- beautiful idem, page 68.
- buxom idem, page 107.
- capital idem, page 111.
- comely idem, page 145.
- creditable idem, page 183.
- elegant idem, page 265.
- estimable idem, page 283.
- excellent idem, page 288.
- exquisite idem, page 296.
- fair idem, page 302.
- favourable idem, page 311.
- fine idem, page 321.
- fortunate idem, page 340.
- good idem, page 366.
- goodly idem, page 367.
- handsome idem, page 383.
- happy idem, page 384.
- high-principled idem, page 400.
- honourable idem, page 405.
- hopeful idem, page 405.
- lovely idem, page 502.
- lucky idem, page 504.
- noble idem, page 559.
- ornamental idem, page 580.
- picturesque idem, page 611.
- plausible idem, page 618.
- pomantic idem, page 625.
- principled idem, page 641.
- promising idem, page 653.
- propitious idem, page 653.
- reputable idem, page 699.
- righteous idem, page 715.
- skilful idem, page 780.
- specious idem, page 799.
- spruce idem, page 806.
- virtuous idem, page 954.
- well-favoured idem, page 974.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 626-7

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek κᾰλός (“beautiful, morally beautiful, of good quality”), from Proto-Indo-European *kal-wo-s, form of *kal- (“beautiful”).[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
Hyphenation: κα‧λός
Homophone: καλώς (kalós)

Adjective

καλός • (kalós) m (feminine καλή, neuter καλό)

good
Antonym: κακός (kakós)
nice, likeable

Declension

Declension of καλός

number case \ gender	singular			plural
number case \ gender	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	καλός •	καλή •	καλό •	καλοί •	καλές •	καλά •
genitive	καλού •	καλής •	καλού •	καλών •	καλών •	καλών •
accusative	καλό •	καλή •	καλό •	καλούς •	καλές •	καλά •
vocative	καλέ •	καλή •	καλό •	καλοί •	καλές •	καλά •
derivations	Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο καλός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο καλός, etc.)

Degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
comparative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	καλύτερος •	καλύτερη •	καλύτερο •	καλύτεροι •	καλύτερες •	καλύτερα •
genitive	καλύτερου •	καλύτερης •	καλύτερου •	καλύτερων •	καλύτερων •	καλύτερων •
accusative	καλύτερο •	καλύτερη •	καλύτερο •	καλύτερους •	καλύτερες •	καλύτερα •
vocative	καλύτερε •	καλύτερη •	καλύτερο •	καλύτεροι •	καλύτερες •	καλύτερα •
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο καλύτερος", etc)
Absolute superlative	singular			plural
Absolute superlative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	άριστος •	άριστη •	άριστο •	άριστοι •	άριστες •	άριστα •
genitive	άριστου •	άριστης •	άριστου •	άριστων •	άριστων •	άριστων •
accusative	άριστο •	άριστη •	άριστο •	άριστους •	άριστες •	άριστα •
vocative	άριστε •	άριστη •	άριστο •	άριστοι •	άριστες •	άριστα •
notes	Alternative learned absolute form κάλλιστος. Also, the less common καλότατος.

Derived terms

καλό ταξίδι (kaló taxídi, “bon voyage”, literally “good journey”)
καλή όρεξη (kalí órexi, “bon appetit”, literally “good appetite”)
καλό μήνα (kaló mína, literally “good month”) (a greeting for the new month)

Related terms

καλό (kaló)

Noun

καλός • (kalós) m (plural καλοί)

the good man
Οι καλοί θα πάνε στον Παράδεισο. ― Oi kaloí tha páne ston Parádeiso. ― The good will go to Heaven.
goodie, goody
sweetheart

Declension

declension of καλός

case \ number	singular	plural
nominative	καλός •	καλοί •
genitive	καλού •	καλών •
accusative	καλό •	καλούς •
vocative	καλέ •	καλοί •

References

καλός - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.

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[1] καλός - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.